SCIENCE - Kian

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SCIENCE

Group 2

Presents
GALAXY
AND
CONSELLATION
A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar
gas, dust, and dark matter Thebound together by gravity.[1][2]
Galaxy
The word is derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας),
literally 'milky', a reference to the Milky Way galaxy that
ontains the Solar System. Galaxies, averaging an estimated
100 million stars,[3] range in size from dwarfs with less
han a hundred million stars, to the largest galaxies known –
upergiants with one hundred trillion stars,[4] each orbiting
its galaxy's center of mass. Most of the mass in a typical
alaxy is in the form of dark matter, with only a few percent
of that mass visible in the form of stars and nebulae.
Supermassive black holes are a common feature at the
centres of galaxies.
What Is a Galaxy?

A Galaxy is a huge collection


of gas, dust, and billions of
stars and their solar systems.
A galaxy is held together by
gravity. Our galaxy, the Milky
Way, also has a supermassive
black hole in the middle.
Inside the Galaxy
 Multiple Star Systems
 Our solar system, with its eight planets orbiting a solitary
Sun, feels familiar because it's where we live. But in the
galaxy at large, planetary systems like ours are decidedly in
the minority. More than half of all stars in the sky have one or
more partners.
 These multiple star systems come in a stunning variety of
flavors: large, hot stars orbited by smaller, cooler ones;
double stars orbited by planets; pairs pulsing with X-rays as
one sheds material that is devoured by the other; systems
with as many as seven stars in a complex gravitational dance.
Let’s take a short tour of the stars inside of our galaxies and
systems
The Stars
Binary Stars
 The variety seen in double-star systems is nearly as rich as the galaxy’s stellar
population as a whole. These pairs can differ significantly in mass, with, say, a mid-
sized yellow star like our Sun locked in an orbital embrace with a far smaller, cooler
red dwarf. Some binary partners evolve rapidly into red giant or supergiant stars,
while their small companions remain stable. Binary systems also can host orbiting
planets that have two stars in their skies, as on the fictional Tatooine in the Star Wars
movies.
 And from our viewpoint on Earth, some binary stars stage their own eclipses.
Eclipses are scientifically valuable because observing changes in light as one star
passes in front of the other can reveal their masses, diameters, precise orbits, and
even compositions. Pairs of neutron stars can spiral together and collide, producing
some of the universe’s heavy elements, like gold, platinum, and iodine.
The Stars
X-ray Binaries
 Bizarre pairs known as X-ray binaries can exchange material between
stars. A larger, more quickly evolving star can run out of nuclear fuel,
explode in a supernova, and leave behind a far denser white dwarf,
neutron star, or black hole. The collapsed star’s more powerful gravity
can begin to drain away material from the companion star if it orbits
closely enough.
 That process produces X-rays as the material falling onto the collapsed
star is heated to more than 1.8 million degrees Fahrenheit (1 million
degrees Celsius). X-ray binaries, including those that eclipse, can
provide valuable data that help scientists understand extreme physical
phenomena including the lighthouse-like pulses emitted by spinning
neutron stars, thermonuclear blasts ignited in the fallen gas, and dips in
starlight that reveal the presence of intervening material forming an
accretion disk around the orbiting stars.
The Stars

Other Multiples
Some multiple star systems include three stars or more, their
orbits intricately intertwined by gravity. As many as seven
stars have been observed in a single system.
Like binaries, triple-star systems can host planets. For
example, our nearest stellar neighbor, the Alpha Centauri
system, includes three stars. The outermost, Proxima
Centauri, is known to host at least one planet. Another three-
star system, HD 131399, includes a giant gas planet four
times the mass of Jupiter in orbit around its central star,
while two more stars appear to orbit both at a much greater
distance.
The Milky Way
The Milky Way is a galaxy that includes the Solar
System.
It is a large spiral system consisting of several hundred
billion stars, one of which is the
Sun.
The
Milky Way is approximately 100,000 light-years in dia
meter and contains stars, clouds of dust and gas called
nebulae, planets, and
asteroids.
All objects in the Galaxy revolve around the Galaxy's
center, and it takes 250 million years for our Sun to ma
ke one revolution around the center of the Milky
The planetary system
 Our solar system is just one specific planetary system—a star with planets
orbiting around it. Our planetary system is the only one officially called “solar
system,” but astronomers have discovered more than 3,200 other stars with
planets orbiting them in our galaxy. That’s just how many we’ve found so far.
There are likely to be many more planetary systems out there Waiting to be
discovered!
 Our Sun is just one of about 200 billion stars in our galaxy. That
gives scientists plenty of places to hunt for exoplanets, or planets
outside our solar system. But our capabilities have only recently
progressed to the point where astronomers can actually find such
planets.
Consellation
A constellation is known as a cluster of stars forming an
image based off of mythological heroes and legends
from all around the world.
Most constellations are formed by the most luminous
stars to the unaided eye.
In the sky, stars create various patterns and form groups
of stars of various shapes. This is known as
Constellation. Ursa Major or Big Bear is one of the
most important examples of Constellation.
Types of Consellations
Ursa Major -Reffered to as “Greater bear”

Ursa Minor-Reffered to as “Little dipper’


Canis Major-Included in Plotemy’s 48 Consellations
Orion-Reffered as the “The great hunter”
Taurus-Popularly known with Cassiopeia
Leo-Reffered as the “The small Lion”
Cassiopeia-Mostly known and reffered to as “W”
Scorpius-Known for its sharp claws
Cygnus-Known for its swan-like shape
Types of Consellations

Aries-Reffered as “Alpha aries”


Aquilla-Was the “Bird of Zeus”
Draco-is Dragon in Latin
Saggitarius-its name is “archer”in latin
Aquarius-Reffered to as “Water bearer”
Lyra-included in Plotemy’s 48 consellations
Boötes-Reffered to as “oxen driver”
Cancer-”The crab”in greek mythology
Delphinus-It has a very recognizable shape
Types of Consellations
Libra-The balance zodiac consellation
Cepheus-The mother of Andromeda in greek myths
Ophiuchus-Held the serpent’s head in greek myth
Crux-Currently the smallest consellation
Pisces-Sometimes known as a star sign
Centaurus-Known as one of the largest consellations

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