Digital Logic & Design
Dr. Waseem Ikram
Lecture 03
Recap
Number System Conversion
– Sum-of-Weights for converting to decimal
– Repeated division for converting from decimal
Binary Arithmetic
– Similar to Decimal Arithmetic
– Multiplying by a constant by shifting left
– Dividing by a constant by shifting right
Recap
Representing Numbers
– Unsigned
– Signed Magnitude
– 2’s Complement
2’s Complement form
1’s complement form
2’s complement form
Binary number 01101 (13)
1’s complement 10010
+ 1
2’s complement 10011 (-13)
Addition and Subtraction with 2’s
Complement
0101 +5 0101 +5
0010 +2 1110 -2
0111 +7 10011 +3
1011 -5 1011 -5
1110 -2 0010 +2
11001 -7 1101 -3
Addition and Subtraction
2’s complement vs. Signed
2’s Complement Signed Binary
0101 +5 0101 +5
0010 +2 0010 +2
0111 +7 0111 +7
1011 -5 1101 -5
1110 -2 1010 -2
11001 -7 10111 -7
Addition and Subtraction
2’complement vs. Signed
0101 +5 0101 +5
1110 -2 1010 -2
10011 +3 1111 +3
1011 -5 1101 -5
0010 +2 0010 +2
1101 -3 1111 -3
Range of Numbers
Unsigned
– Positive Numbers Only (0 to 7)
– 3-bit
Signed Magnitude
– Positive & Negative Numbers (-7 to 7)
– 4-bit
2’s Complement
– Positive & Negative Numbers (-8 to 7)
– 4-bit
Range & Overflow
2 + 7 using 3-bit unsigned binary?
9 overflow?
2 – 7?
Can not represent -7 in unsigned binary
Range and Overflow
1011 -5
1101 -3
11000 -8
1011 -5 0101 +5
1100 -4 0100 +4
10111 -9 1001 +9
Range of Binary Numbers
Processors can handle 64-bit unsigned binary
values.
Maximum unsigned decimal number is 18.446 x
1018
How to represent larger numbers?
How to represent very small numbers?
How to represent numbers with integer part and
fraction part?
Floating Point Representation38
32-bit Floating Point Representation
ANSI/IEEE Standard 754 defines
32-bit Single-Precision Floating Point
Sign Bit 1
Exponent Bits 8
Mantissa Bits 23
64-bit Double-Precision Floating Point
Floating Point Format
15 digit decimal number format
Sign digit 1
Exponent digits 2
Mantissa digits 12
6918.3125 = 6.9183125 x 103
Magnitude 69183125
Exponent 3
Floating Point Format
Normalized form 0.69183125 x 104
Magnitude 69183125
Exponent 4
+ 0 4 6 9 1 8 3 1 2 5 0 0 0 0
Max Number 0.999,999,999,999 x 1099
No negative exponent
Floating Point Format
Option I
– Increase exponent field to 3 digits
– 1099 to 10-99
Option II
– Biased 50 Exponent
– add 50 1049 → 99 10-50 → 0
Floating Point Format
Zero ?
+/ x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-
Infinity (∞) ?
Floating Point Format
Allow 1048 → 98 10-49 → 1
– Exponent 99 → ∞
– Exponent 0 → 0
Decrease Bias to 49
– 1049 → 98 10-48 → 1
– Exponent 99 → ∞
– Exponent 0 → 0
Single-Precision F.P. format
Representing 6918.3125
6918.3125 = 1101100000110.0101
2
Normalized form
1.1011000001100101 x 2 12
S=0
E = 10001011 (127 + 12 = 139)
M = 10,110,000,011,001,010,000,000
Hidden 1
Floating Point Numbers
+1.101 x 25 S=0 Exponent=10000100
Mantissa 101 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
-1.01011 x 2-126 S=1 Exponent=00000001
Mantissa 010 1100 0000 0000 0000 0000
0 S=0 Exponent=00000000
Mantissa 000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
∞ S=0
Exponent=11111111
Mantissa 000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
Hexadecimal Number System
Base 16
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Representing Binary in compact form
– 11011000001102 = 1B06 H
Counting in Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
0 0000 0 8 1000 8
1 0001 1 9 1001 9
2 0010 2 10 1010 A
3 0011 3 11 1011 B
4 0100 4 12 1100 C
5 0101 5 13 1101 D
6 0110 6 14 1110 E
7 0111 7 15 1111 F
Counting in Hexadecimal
Decimal Hexa- Decimal Hexa- Decimal Hexa-
Decimal Decimal Decimal
16 10 24 18 32 20
17 11 25 19 33 21
18 12 26 1A 34 22
19 13 27 1B 35 23
20 14 28 1C 36 24
21 15 29 1D 37 25
22 16 30 1E 38 26
23 17 31 1F 39 27
Binary-Hexadecimal Conversion
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
– 11010110101110010110
– 1101 0110 1011 1001 0110
–D 6 B 9 6
Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
– FD13
– 1111 1101 0001 0011
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Indirect Method
– Decimal →Binary → Hexadecimal
Repeated Division by 16
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
Indirect Method
– Hexadecimal →Binary → Decimal
Sum-of-Weights
Hexadecimal Addition &
Subtraction
Hexadecimal Addition
– Carry generated
Hexadecimal Subtraction
– Borrow weight 16
Repeated Division by 16
Number Quotient Remainder
2096 131 0
131 8 3
8 0 8
Sum-of-Weights
CA02
(C x 163) + (A x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
(12 x 163) + (10 x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x
160)
(12 x 4096) + (10 x 256) + (0 x 16) + (2 x
1)
49152 + 2560 + 0 + 2
51714
Hexadecimal Addition
Carry 1
2AC6 6+5=11d Bh
+ 92B5 C+B=23d 17h
BD7B A+2+1=13d Dh
2+9=11d Bh
Hexadecimal Subtraction
Borrow 111
92B5 21-6=15d Fh
- 2AC6 26-C=14d Eh
67EF 17-A=7d 7h
8-2=6d 6h
Octal Number System
Base 8
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Representing Binary in compact form
– 11011000001102 = 154068
Counting in Octal
Decimal Binary Octal
0 000 0
1 001 1
2 010 2
3 011 3
4 100 4
5 101 5
6 110 6
7 111 7
Counting in Octal
Decimal Octal Decimal Octal Decimal Octal
8 10 16 20 24 30
9 11 17 21 25 31
10 12 18 22 26 32
11 13 19 23 27 33
12 14 20 24 28 34
13 15 21 25 29 35
14 16 22 26 30 36
15 17 23 27 31 37
Binary-Octal Conversion
Binary to Octal Conversion
– 11010110101110010110
– 011 010 110 101 110 010 110
–3 2 6 5 6 2 6
Octal to Binary Conversion
– 1726
– 001 111 010 110
Decimal-Octal Conversion
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Indirect Method
– Decimal →Binary → Octal
Repeated Division by 8
Decimal-Octal Conversion
Octal to Decimal Conversion
Indirect Method
– Octal →Binary → Decimal
Sum-of-Weights
Octal Addition & Subtraction
Octal Addition
– Carry generated
Octal Subtraction
– Borrow weight 8
Repeated Division by 8
Number Quotient Remainder
2075 259 3 (O0)
259 32 3 (O1)
8 4 0 (O2)
4 0 4 (O3)
Sum-of-Weights
4033
(4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (3 x 80)
(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (3 x
1)
2048 + 0 + 24 + 3
2075
Octal Addition
Carry 1
7602 2+1=3d 3O
+ 5771 0+7=7d
7O
15573 6+7=13d
15O
1+7+5=13d 15O
Octal Subtraction
Borrow 11
7602 2-1=1d 1O
- 5771 8-7=1d 1O
1611 13-7=6d 6O
6-5=1d 1O
Alternate Representations
BCD Code
– BCD Addition
Gray Code
Alternate Representations
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code
Decimal BCD Decimal BCD
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001
BCD Addition
Multi-digit BCD numbers can be added together
23 0010 0011
45 0100 0101
68 0110 1000
23 0010 0011
48 0100 1000
71 0110 1011
1011 is illegal BCD number
BCD Addition
Add a 0110 (6) to an invalid BCD number
Carry added to the most significant BCD digit
23 0010 0011
48 0100 1000
71 0110 1011
0110
0111 0001
Gray Code
Binary Code more than 1 bit change
Electromechanical applications of digital
systems restrict bit change to 1
– Shaft encoders
– Braking Systems
Un-Weighted Code
Gray Code
Decimal Gray Binary
0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0011 0010
3 0010 0011
4 0110 0100
5 0111 0101
6 0101 0110
7 0100 0111
Gray Code Application
A A
B B
C C
Binary Gray Code
Alphanumeric Code
Numbers, Characters, Symbols
ASCII 7-bit Code
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
10 Numbers (0-9)
26 Lower Case Characters (a-z)
26 Upper Case Characters (A-Z)
Punctuation and Symbols
32 Control Characters
ASCII Code
Numbers 0 to 9
ASCII 0110000 (30h) to 0111001 (39h)
Alphabets a to z
ASCII 1100001 (61h) to 1111010 (7Ah)
Alphabets A to Z
ASCII 1000001 (41h) to 1011010 (5Ah)
Control Characters
ASCII 0000000 (0h) to 0011111 (1Fh)
Alphanumeric Code
Extended ASCII 8-bit Code
Additional 128 Graphic characters
Unicode 16-bit Code
Error Detection
Digital Systems are very Reliable
Errors during storage or transmission
Parity Bit
– Even Parity
– Odd Parity
Odd Parity Error Detection
Original data 10011010
With Odd Parity 110011010
1-bit error 110111010
Number of 1s even indicates 1-bit error
2-bit error 110110010
Number of 1s odd no error indicated
3-bit error 100110010
Number of 1s even indicates error
Summary
2’s Complement
Range and Overflow
Floating Point representation
Summary
Hexadecimal Number System
– Binary-Hexadecimal Conversion
– Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
Octal Number System
– Binary-Octal Conversion
– Decimal-Octal Conversion
Summary
Alternate Representations
– BCD Code
– Gray Code
Alphanumeric Codes
– ASCII
Error Detection
– Parity Bit
