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Introduction To R

R is an open source software for data analysis, modeling, testing, and forecasting. It allows users to create custom functions and runs on UNIX, Windows, and Mac OS. R is widely used for analytics and data science by companies like Microsoft and Twitter. It can perform calculations, statistical analysis, and data visualization, making it useful for research.

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20 views8 pages

Introduction To R

R is an open source software for data analysis, modeling, testing, and forecasting. It allows users to create custom functions and runs on UNIX, Windows, and Mac OS. R is widely used for analytics and data science by companies like Microsoft and Twitter. It can perform calculations, statistical analysis, and data visualization, making it useful for research.

Uploaded by

ayushkukreja30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to R

R is an open source software - a well organized and sophisticated


package - that facilitates data analysis, modelling, inferential testing
and forecasting. It is a user friendly software which allows to create
new function commands to solve statistical problems. It runs on a variety
of UNIX platforms (and similar systems such as LINUX), Windows and Mac
OS.
R is the most preferred open-source language for analytics and data science. At Microsoft, R is
used by its data scientists, who apply machine learning to data from Bing, Azure, Office, and the
Sales, Marketing, and Finance departments. Twitter has been using R for measuring user-
experience. On the other hand, the cross-platform compatibility of R and its capacity to handle
large and complex data sets make it an ideal tool for academicians to analyze data in their
labs.

R can be used for simple calculations, matrix calculations, differential equations, optimization ,
statistical analysis, plotting graphs, etc. Also, it is useful to anybody who wishes to undertake
extensive statistical computations and data visualization.
R programming

• Functions

• x! factorial(x)
• n
• x
• choose(n,x)
• Γ( ) x gamma(x)
• x e exp(x)
• Lnx log(x)
• X sqrt(x)
• n x x^n
R programming

• Statistics

• Given a data set stored in a vector x:


• n length(x)
• x sum(x)
• 2 x sum(x^2)
• X mean(x)
• Median median(x)
• 2 ( ) x − x sum((x-mean(x))^2)
• sd sd(x)
• Variance var(x)
• Q1 quantile(x,0.25)
• Q3 quantile(x,0.75)
R programming

• lines(x,y) adds line to existing plot, has same options for line types,
widths and colours.
• points(x,y) adds points to existing plot, has same options for points
character and colours.

• Plot y=a + bx

• Abline (a,b) plots straight line with intercept a and gradient b


• has same options for line types, widths and colours
• Abline (model) if insert linear model – will plot the regression line
• Abline (h=...) plots a horizontal line at ...
• Abline (v=...) plots a vertical line at ...
QQ plots

• qqnorm(x) plots quantiles of sample (on vertical) against normal (on


horizontal)
• qqline(x) adds a diagonal line to qqnorm to show “true” position
• qqplot(sim,x) plots quantiles of sample (on vertical) against
simulations of theoretical distribution

• (on horizontal), eg sim <- rgamma(1000,3,2)


• abline(0,1) adds the correct diagonal line to a qqplot
Discrete Distributions
• The names and parameters for discrete distributions are:
• Binomial binom(..., <n>,<p>)
• Poisson pois(..., <mu>)
• Type 2 geometric geom(..., <p>)
• Type 2 Negative Binomial nbinom(..., <k>,<p>)
• Hypergeometric
• hyper(...,<success in pop>, <failure in pop>,<sample size>)
Continuous Distributions
• The names and parameters for continuous distributions are:
• Exponential exp(..., <lambda>)
• Gamma gamma(..., <alpha>,<lambda>)
• Chi square chisq(..., <dof>)
• Uniform unif(..., <min>,<max>)
• Beta beta(..., <alpha>,<beta>)
• Normal norm(..., <mean>,<sd>)
• Log normal lnorm(..., <mu>,<sigma>)
• T t(..., <dof>)
• F f(..., <dof1>,<dof2>)

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