SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Design of drainage for rural section of NH-16

Presented by
BIRENDRA KATWAL (2001093)
PRATIKSHA KUMARI (2001020)
ABDUL RAUF (2101601)
AMLAN JYOTI DE(2101603)

Under the Supervision of

PROF. BRUNDABAN BERIHA

School of Civil Engineering

KIIT Deemed to be University
 Introduction
- Drainage is the primary requirement of the road that protects from any ingress of water and provides a long run
of the pavement
- NH-16 being the longest north-south highways in India its very essential to have a proper drainage system
along the road.
- An increase in moisture content causes in strength or stability of a soil mass; the variation in soil strength with
moisture content also depend on the soil type and the mode of stress application.

IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE

1. In some clayey soil variation in moisture content causes considerable variation in volume of sub-grade. This
sometimes contributes to pavement failure.
2. One of the most important causes of pavement failure by the formation of waves and corrugation in flexible
pavements is due to poor drainage.
3. Sustained contact of water with bituminous pavements causes failure due stripping bitumen from the aggregates
like loosening or detachment of some of the bituminous pavement layer and formation of pot holes.
4. The prime cause of failures in rigid pavements by mud pumping is due the presence of water in fine sub-grade
soil.
5. Excess water on shoulders and pavement edge causes considerable damage.

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Introduction
6.Excess moisture causes increase in weight and thus increase in stress and simultaneous reduction in strength in
soil mass. This is one of the main reasons of failure of earth slope and embankment foundations.

7. In place where freezing temperatures are prevalent in winter, the presence of water in sub-grade and a
continuous supply of water from the ground water can cause considerable damage to the pavement due to in frost
action.

Fig.1 Khurdha-Chandaka Road (street view)

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Background
Drainage plays a important role in the design life of road , transportation facility and in economic
growth. The construction of road should be in such a way that it would provide proper drainage
in both rural and urban area. keeping in mind about the environmental and societal impact. By
providing a detailed investigation into the practicality and effectiveness of such sustainable
practices, this project not only contributes to the knowledge base of civil engineering but also
offers tangible solutions that can guide the industry towards more responsible and sustainable
construction methods. Understanding the background of this research is essential in recognizing
its significance in the broader context of civil engineering and its potential to address the pressing
issues of resource depletion and climate change.

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Problem Statement
The project is based on the design of drainage for one of the rural section of
“CHANDAKA - DAMAPARA” which is located in the part of Odisha which is the
current location for our project work. Here we are going to design &
proposed the drainage system and also we are going to determine the
catchment area, expected flow and runoff into the discharge.

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Literature review
IRC:SP:42-2014
- The code deals with the aspect of highway design affected by the water
Introduction
Highway drainage is the process of removing and controlling excess surface and sub-surface
water within the right of way. This includes interception and diversion of water from the road
surface and subgrade. The installation of suitable surface and sub-surface drainage system is
an essential part of highway design and construction.
1.General criteria
selection of the drainage depends upon:
i. Cutting
ii. Embankments
iii. and hill / Plains on which the highway is constructed

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Literature review
Types of drainage
1.surface drainage
• Surface drainage deals with arrangements for quickly and effectively leading away the
water that collects on the surface of the pavement, shoulders, slopes of embankments, cuts
and the land adjoining the highway
• It consists of two parts namely:-
1.1 Transverse drainage
Used to provide continuity of water lines intecepting the roads to avoid the floods.
Eg; Aqueducts culvert and cross drainage
1.2 Longitudinal drainage
Used to gather and channelize the precipated and side slopes water to avoid its acess to the
road surface
Eg; lined and unlined drains, kerbs channel drains

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Literature review
2.Subsurface Drainage
• Subsurface drainage is concerned with the interception and removal of water from and within
the subgrade of the pavement.
 In plain areas subgrade elevation should be
atleast of 0.5m(IRC:SP:87 allows top of
subgrade at 0.5 m above ground) above the
original ground level (non-flood area)as shown
in Fig 2
 The bottom of the subgrade shall be 0.5 m to
1.00 m above the HFL based on type of soil
(Fig. 2).
 The HFL should be decided on very careful
inspections, local observations, enquiries and
studying the past records.
 Where it is not possible to assess the HFL, it
shall not be lower than the general ground
level.

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Literature review
Hydrological Design of road side drains
• It is the study of the physical analysis of catchment, intensity-duration of different frequency
of rainfall for designing(peak) flood and its HFL.
Hydrological Data
For design, it includes; - Its collected from the IMD (Daily Maximum value) and Isopluvial
 point value and intensity of map (line on a map connecting with the same frequency of rainfall)
rainfall in that area,
- Flow from catchment area contributes to roadside drains in two
 the catchment area parts namely:
characteristics like soil type, a) Surface of proposed Road Runoff and b) Adjacent land Runoff

 - As per the code it talks about the pervious surface where rain infiltrates
vegetation cover and land
into soil layers.
use pattern.
Annexures III (a) and (b) reflects the change in design parameters with
change in type of soil and land use of the catchment.

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Literature review
Formulae to find the travel time and time of concentration
- It is the time taken by the water to travel from one location to another catchment area.
- Water moves through a catchment area as sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow, open channel flow, or some
combination of these.
SI.
NO FLOW FORMULA DESCRIPTION
1. Shallow T1 = , T1 = travel time, L = Flow length in m, V = Channel Velocity in m/s
Concentrated 3600= conversion factor from seconds to hours, S = channel slope in percent and
Flow flow velocity V =KS0.5 k = function of land cover

Tt2 = travel time in hours, L = flow length in m,

2. Sheet Flow Tt2 = 0.092 n = Manning’s roughness coefficient, P2= 2-year , 24 hours rainfall in
mm.
S = slope of the catchment
3. Channel Flow Tt3= Tt3 = travel time in hour, L = Flow length in m,V = Channel Velocity in
m/s
n = Manning's roughness coefficient, R = Hydraulic radius in m
S = Slope of the catchment area (m/m).
*Therefore, the time of concentration is computed as :Tc =T t1 +Tt2+Tt3
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Literature review
Design Methodology
- To estimate the peak discharge data of rainfall within the catchment and frequency are required
- So common method used to estimate peak runoff are ;
1.Empirical Formulas (Dickens formula)
This formula is directly related with the flood peak to the drainage area.
Q=CA¾
where,
Q = Maximum Flood Peak in cumec
A = Catchment Area in Km2
C = Dickens constant with value between 6 to 30

2. Rational Method
- Used for estimating small discharge up to 25 sq km.
Q = 0.028.PfAI
where,
Q = Maximum runoff in cumecs
A = Catchment area in hectares
I = Design Rainfall intensity in cm/hr
P = Coefficient (Given in Table 6.5)
f = Spread factor

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Literature review
3. SCS method (runoff curve number method)
- In drainage design , scs method is used to estimate direct runoff by means of Runoff Curve Number (CN) as per
table 6.8.
Q=
Where,
Q = storm runoff in mm
P = storm rainfall in mm
I = initial abstraction in mm
S = potential maximum retention in mm

Empirical relation between Ia and S

i.e. Ia=0.2S, the values of Ia are abstracted from table 6.9

Therefore the above expression becomes,

Q= Where, S =

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- To determine the catchment area and the expect flow
- To determine the runoff into the drainage and discharge of water from the system
- To propose and design an efficient drainage system

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 METHODOLOGY
3. Determination of area of cross
1.Site visiting 2. Determination of runoff
section and dimensions

- It involves the - It involves the requirement of

- It involves the
determination of catchment allowable velocity of flow and
preliminary
area, intensity of storm and quantity of surface water to be
survey for better
the nature of the surface removed by the drainage
understanding of
the problem and
materials to be
used.
Fig.2 Methodology proposed for the Khurdha-chandaka road

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Data collection & Analysis
Maximum Monthly Rainfall from 2010- 2022
YEAR JAN. FEB. MAR. APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
2010 4 45 0 0 56 319 172 384 231 263 85 49
2011 0 55 0 55 211.5 5 251 258 246 24 0 0
2012 137 0 0 20 45 94.4 429 565 150 136 264 0
2013 0 0 0 60 47 376 438 249 326 635 0 0
2014 0 32.5 115.5 36 199 20 364.5 343 221.5 177.5 0 0
2015 45 5 45 107 8 146 391 235 144 127 0 0
2016 0 3 0 0 71 182.8 229.8 231.3 249 87 10 0
2017 0 0 34 0 0 151 431 312 271 195 58 39
2018 0 0 0 66 108 130 714 321 377 268 0 15
2019 0 8 3 27 252 186 352 311 471 309 0 0
2020 17 27 34 83.5 97 162.5 195 345 86.5 262 2 0
2021 0 0 0 45 164 163 221 286 477 130 57 90
2022 44 0 0 0 298 60 311.5 371 194 137 0 0
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Data collection
Maximum Monthly Rainfall from 2010- 2022
Maximum Rainfall per month (mm)
YEAR Maximum Rainfall per month (mm)
800

2010 384 700

2011 258 600

2012 565 500

2013 438
400

2014 364.5
300

2015 391
200
2016 249
100
2017 431
0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
2018 714
2019 471
2020 345 * As per the graph, the maximum Rainfall
2021 477 intensity in the given years (2010-2022) was found
to be 714mm.
2022 371
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Determination of Runoff
a) Catchment Area (A)
Half of Median 0.3 M
Half of Carriageway 3.5 M

Earthen shoulder 2.53.5 meters

M Adjacent build-up land width 20
M Total width contributing 30 M
0.3 meter
Total Length contributing – L 22 Km
A 66
ha
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Determination of Runoff
b) Average coefficient of runoff (Pav )
Type of surface coefficient of runoff (P) Width of the road(m)

Paved 0.90 4.00

Unpaved 0.40 2.5
Adjacent built-up land 0.30 22000
Pav = 0.300
c) Time of concentration (tc)

,Where L = distance from the remote point to outlet in km (22 km)&

H – Fall in level from the most remote point to the outlet in m (39-32 = 7 m).
tc = 15.917 hrs

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Determination of Runoff
d) Critical Rainfall Intensity (Ic )
12 year – monthly rainfall (mm) from Flood Estimation Report F = 714 mm
Duration of the rainfall , T= 24hrs
One hour rainfall, Io = ( F / T ) * ( T + 1 ) / 2 = 371.875 mm/hr

Critical rainfall intensity as per IRC, Ic = Io * [ 2 / ( 1 + tc ) ] = 43.965 mm / hr

e) Discharge , Q = 0.028 * Pav f A IC
A - Catchment Area = 66 ha
Pav - Coefficient of runoff for the given catchment characteristics = 0.3

Ic – Rainfall intensity in mm/hr = 4.3965 cm / hr

f – Spread factor converting point to areal rainfall = 0.98152
Q (12-yr frequency) = 2.39 cumec
Design Discharge = 3 cumec
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN
As per the given permissible velocity in IRC: SP : 42 (Table 7.1)
for the soil type having gravel with fines soil
The manning’s coefficient (n) – 0.023 and
The velocity (v) - 2.1 m/s

Therefore the cross section area (A) of the side drainage

required will be obtained from the formula below,
i.e Q =AV
Q – Design discharge = 3 cumec
V – Velocity of flow = 2.1 m/s
A – Cross section area = 1.43 m2

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN
FOR TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION
• Suppose the bottom width (b) = 1 m
• Side slope (S) = 1 : 1
• Free water body = 0.15 m
• Height of the Drainage (h)
• Top Width (w)

From the formula ,

Area = 0.5* (w + b)*h
A = 1.43 m2
considering w = 2h + 0.5m
so, 1.43 = 0.5*(2h+0.5+0.5)*h
h = 0.9758m
w = 2.5 m
Effective area (A) = 0.5*(2.5+0.5)*0.97 = 1.45 m2
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN
Wetted Perimeter = (2S + b ) = 2*1.38+0.5 = 3.26 m

Longitudinal slope as per IRC

From Manning’s Formula
V = 1/n * R2/3 *S2
Where,
V – Velocity of the flow = 2.1 m/s
R – Hydraulic Radius = 1.43/3.26 = 0.439 m
n – Manning’s coefficient = 0.023
S – Longitudinal slope = 0.007

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN
FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION
• Suppose the bottom width (b) = 1.5 m
• Area of cross-section (A) = 1.43 m2
• Free water body = 0.15 m
• Height of the Drainage (h)
• Top Width (w)

From the formula ,

Area (A) = Height (h)* Width(b)
1.43 = 1.5 * h
h = 0.953+0.15 = 1.103 m

Wetted perimeter = 1.5 + ( 2*1.103 )

= 3.706

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN
Longitudinal slope as per IRC
From Manning’s Formula
V = 1/n * R2/3 *S2
Where,
V – Velocity of the flow = 2.1 m/s
R – Hydraulic Radius = 1.43/3.706 = 0.385 m
n – Manning’s coefficient = 0.023
S – Longitudinal slope = 0.0913

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Comparison of Design Alternative
Cost Analysis of Trapezoidal Drain
Excavation
Volume of soil = (0.5(1+2.8)*1.175) = 2.2325 m3
Consider cost of excavation = Rs. 1500
Cost of Excavation = 2.2325 * 1500 = Rs. 3500

Concrete in blinding
Volume of concrete = 0.05* 1* 1 = 0.05 m3
Consider cost of concrete = Rs.55000
Cost of concrete material = 55000*0.05 = Rs.2,750.

Concrete on drain
Volume of concrete = (0.5(1+2.8)*1.125)-(0.5(1+2.5)*0.9758 = 0.4298
Consider unit cost of concrete = Rs. 55000
Cost of concrete Material = 55000*0.4298 = Rs.23,539
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN
Cost Analysis of Rectangular Drain
Excavation
Volume of soil = (1.8+0.6)* 1.303*1 = 3.1272
Consider cost of excavation = Rs. 1500
Cost of Excavation = 3.1272 * 1500 = Rs. 5000

Concrete in blinding
Volume of concrete = 0.05* 1.8 * 1 = 0.09 m3
Consider cost of concrete = Rs.55000
Cost of concrete material = 55000*0.05 = Rs.4950.

Concrete on drain
Volume of concrete = (1.5*0.15)+2(1.103*0.15)*1
Consider unit cost of concrete = Rs. 55000
Cost of concrete Material = 55000*0.5559 = Rs.30,600
B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Design Adopted
*Solution proposed for this project is trapezoidal section because of the

following reason :

• Covers less Area,

• Less excavation work and
• Its cost effective

B.Tech Project: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Limitation of the Proposed Design/ Solution
There are many limitation of this design :-
For regular maintenance there should be budget proposed.
Community engagement & local infrastructure play vital role.
Geopolymers concrete should be used

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 Conclusion and Recommendation
Many problems occured on the road such as flooding, potholes, overflow , corrugations , water lodgings , ruts
and erosions on the edge of the road. The effect of poor drainage condition on road is very adverse. It causes
the failure of road in different ways. Proper drainage system provided to the road increases the life of roads. But
the improper drainage system causes the failure of the road at its early edge. Poor drainage facilities on highway
structures has many devastating effects on the economy of users, as both functional and structural failures due
to poor drainage leads to increase in travel time, thus reducing productivity of a community or nation, it leads
to sicknesses such as Malaria fever due to breeding of mosquitoes in stagnant water around poorly drained
pavements in residential areas, there is increased number of accidents thus leading to the death of many etc.
Hence in order to maintain the life span, purpose of the road, designing Roadside Drainage of adequate size and
capacity, the discharge and all dimensions produced can be used for the construction as it is designed.
RECOMMENDATION
Due to the condition of the road is not satisfactory, this problem must be taken into consideration by the use of
the information gathered in this thesis. Therefore the road users will be benefited by the design made in this
thesis. There will be need to performed routine maintenance for the constructed drainage in order to avoid the
blockage of the drains. Also there should be subsequent projects on the assessment, and evaluation of the
performance of the drainage designed in this thesis. However, the design will only be of maximum and lasting
benefit when coupled with adequate and durable structural design of the drainage. Structural design of the
drainage is therefore highly recommended.
B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Societal Benefit
 Environmental Preservation: A well-designed drainage system can also take into account
environmental concerns, preserving local ecosystems and minimizing the impact on water
bodies, such as rivers and wetlands.

 Community Resilience: Drainage design can enhance the overall resilience of rural
communities by reducing vulnerability to climate-related events like storms and heavy
rainfall.

 Social Equity: Ensuring that drainage design is inclusive and benefits all members of the
community, including marginalized groups, can promote social equity and reduce disparities
in access to resources and opportunities.

 Economic Growth: Improved drainage can lead to increased economic activity in rural areas.
Accessible roads and reduced flood risks can attract businesses and investments, creating job
opportunities and boosting the local economy.
B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Societal Benefit
 Flood Mitigation: Proper drainage design can help prevent flooding during heavy rains,
protecting homes, farmland, and infrastructure in rural areas. This contributes to improved
safety and livelihoods for local residents.

 Agricultural Benefits: Effective drainage can improve soil quality by preventing

waterlogging, enabling farmers to cultivate crops more efficiently. This can lead to increased
agricultural productivity and economic growth for the community.

 Health and Sanitation: Adequate drainage reduces the risk of stagnant water, which can be
a breeding ground for disease-carrying mosquitoes. This can lead to improved public health
and a decrease in vector-borne diseases.

 Transportation Reliability: Proper drainage ensures that the road remains usable during and
after heavy rains. This is crucial for rural areas where transportation networks are lifelines
for accessing essential services like healthcare and education.
B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Contribution of Students

Contribution Students

Conceived and designed the project BIRENDRA KATWAL & PRATIKSHA

KUMARI
Conducted literature reviews ABDUL RAUF, AMLAN JYOTI DE,
PRATIKSHA KUMARI & BIRENDRA
KATWAL

Performed laboratory/Analytical work BIRENDRA KATWAL, PRATIKSHA

KUMARI, ABDUL RAUF
Collected and analysed data BIRENDRA KATWAL ,PRATIKSHA
KUMARI
ABDUL RAUF
B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
 Plagiarism Report
This project has design part which has been done using AUTOCAD, where the
design of carriageway has been done to show the proposed design made by the
data collection an design steps. Also the rainfall data for past 12 years was
collected using the rainfall data view “ rainfall.nic.in”

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
Project Tile WRITE THE TITLE OF THE PROJECT HERE
Name of the Students with PRATIKSHA KUMARI(Roll No. 2001020)
Roll No. BIRENDRA KATWAL (Roll No. 2001093)
ABDUL RAUF(Roll No. 2101601)
AMLAN JYOTI DE (Roll No. 2101603)

The project involves designing the drainage systems for the rural section of NH16. Chandaka-Damapara wildlife sanctuary is the
location for the project. It is aiming to determine the catchment area, expected flow , runoff into the drainage and discharge of
water from the system also to propose and design an efficient drainage system. Various methodology has been used to design for
the societal benefits like transportation reliability, flood mitigation, agricultural benefits etc. The entire work is focused to address
the causes and provide the solution to the problems related to the drainage system to outfall and cross drainage structures through
several design parameters, tables, and contents used to design stipulated by the hydraulics of the area, hydrology studies and
hydraulic parameters of the drainage system minimum in that area. The entire project is done with the help of IRC: SP:42-2014.
The code deals with the aspect of highway design affected by the water.

Keywords: Drainage, Catchment area, Runoff, Discharge, Flood mitigation, Sustainable Practices, IRC: SP:42-2014

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT…
Use of knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work
Course Code Course Utilization
IRC: SP 42- 2014 CODE BOOK The code deals with the aspect of highway design affected by
the water

CE 2102 SURFACE This book has provided data and design concepts related to the
HYDROLOGY & project.
HYDRAULICS
…… …… ………

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT…
Criteria Description
Identifying Literature review & Design of the proposed solution
opportunities &
developing
requirements
Performing analysis & Data collection & designing part
synthesis
Generating Multiple Designing part and analysis of material
Solutions
Evaluating solution Analysis and limitations & recommendation
against requirements

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar

 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT…
Engineering Standards Description
IRC: SP: 42- 2014 THIS CODE BOOK DEALS WITH THE HIGHWAY DESIGN AFFECTING THE
WATER.
SURFACE HYDROLOGY THIS BOOK DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF WATER HYDROLOGY , EFFECTS
& HYDRAULICS OF WATER CONSTRUCTION SUCH AS DAMS & CANALS &LIMITATIONS.
( CE2102)

Constraints Description
Aesthetics limitations requires a thoughtful approach that considers both functional requirements
and the cultural, economic, and environmental context of the rural community to create
visually appealing and effective drainage designs.
Cost IF we will use geopolymer concrete instead of other it will be good and cost effective
and will give good durability properties and it will hardened.
Societal impact It require holistic approach that considers the socio-economic and cultural context,
involves the local community, and prioritizes sustainable, cost-effective solutions.
…..
B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar
THANK YOU
 References
 IRC:SP- 42: 2014- The code deals with the aspect of highway design affected by the water.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_16_(India)
 https://archive.org/details/govlawircy2014sp42/page/n7/mode/2up
 .Agbonkhese Onoyan-usin, Yisa Godwin Lazhi, & Daudu Paul Itomi-ushi. (2013). Bad Drainage and Its Effects on Road
Pavement Conditions in Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research, 3(1), 7-15.
 Amit, K. D. (2016). Drainage system in highways. Term paper in transportation engineering. Lovely professional
Univerity. Puniab-India.
  https://www.scribd.com/doc/42527504/Drainage-System-in_x0002_Highways Bath & North East Somerset Council
(2016). Highways drainage. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/services/streets-and-highway-maintenance/drains.
 Civil engineering dictionary (2004). highway drainage. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/drainage
 Dipanjan Mukherjee. (2014). Highway Surface Drainage System & Problems of Water Logging In Road .Section. The
International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES), 3(11), 44-51.

 Ger, F., Donal, B. Kieran, K., John, M., Dominic, M. and Jim, P. (2004). Guidelines for road drainage. Department of the
Environment, Heritage and Local Governmen. Roinn- U.S.A.
 Getachew KebedeWarati, Tamene AdugnaDemissie. Assessment of the Effect of Urban Road SurfaceDrainage: A Case
Study at GinjoGuduruKebele of Jimma Town. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society. Vol. 3, No. 4, 2015,
pp. 164-173. doi: 10.11648/j.ijsts.20150304.20 .

B.Tech Project-I: School of Civil Engineering: KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar