GENERAL LAYOUT OF A HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

FORMULA USED
 OVERALL EFFICIENCY

𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝜼𝒐 =
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑺 . 𝑷
𝜼𝒐 =
𝝆 𝒈𝑸𝑯
 FORMULA USED
 DISCHARGE OF SINGLE JET

𝝅 𝟐
𝒒= × 𝒅 ×𝑽 𝟏
𝟒
 NUMBER OF JET

𝑸
𝒏=
𝒒
 FORMULA USED
 NUMBER OF BUCKET

𝑫
𝒁 =𝟏𝟓 +
𝟐 𝒅
 DIMENSIONS OF BUCKET

𝑨𝒙𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝑩=𝟒 . 𝟓

𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝑳=𝟐 . 𝟓
𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕 𝑻 =
 PROBLEM 1
A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10m/s with a jet of
water flowing at the rate of 0.7 m3/s under a head of 30m. The
buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160°. Calculate the
power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assuming the coefficient of velocity as
0.98
GIVEN: 𝟑
𝒎 𝑸 =𝟎 . 𝟕 𝒎
𝒖=𝒖 𝟏 =𝒖 𝟐 =𝟏𝟎
𝒔 𝒔 𝑯 =𝟑𝟎 𝒎
𝝓=𝟏𝟖𝟎−𝟏𝟔𝟎=𝟐𝟎 ° 𝑪 𝒗=𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
SOLUTION:
Velocity of Jet:
𝑽 𝟏=𝑪 𝒗 × √ 𝟐× 𝒈 × 𝑯
𝑽 𝟏=𝟎 . 𝟗𝟖 × √ 𝟐 ×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 ×𝟑𝟎
𝒎
= 𝒔

From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram

𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 =𝑽 𝟏
𝒎
= 𝒔
 𝒖 𝟏 + 𝑽 𝒓 𝟏 =𝑽 𝟏
𝟏𝟎+ 𝑽 𝒓 𝟏 =𝟐𝟑 . 𝟕𝟕
𝒎
= 𝒔

From Outlet Velocity Triangle Diagram

𝒖 𝟐 +𝑽 𝒘 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 = 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑽 𝒓 𝟏=𝑽 𝒓 𝟐
𝑽𝒓 𝟐
𝟏𝟎+𝑽 𝒘 𝟐 𝒎
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝟎= =
𝟏𝟑 . 𝟕𝟕 𝒔
Work done by Jet per Second:
𝑾 =𝝆 ×𝑸 × [ 𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 +𝑽 𝒘 𝟐 ] × 𝒖
𝑾 =𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎× 𝟎 .𝟕 × [ 𝟐𝟑 . 𝟕𝟕+ 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟓 ] × 𝟏𝟎
= 𝑾
Hydraulic Efficiency:
𝟐 × [ 𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 +𝑽 𝒘 𝟐 ] × 𝒖
¿
𝟐 × [ 𝟐𝟑 . 𝟕𝟕+𝟐 . 𝟗𝟒𝟓 ] ×
𝜼 𝒉𝒚𝒅 = 𝟐 𝟐𝟑 . 𝟕𝟕 𝟐
𝑽 𝟏
𝜼 𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟔
𝜼𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟗𝟒 .𝟓𝟔%
 PROBLEM 2
A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 kW when working
under a head of 300m the impeller may rotate at 500 rpm.
Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and overall efficiency of 85% calculate
(i) Quantity of water required (ii) Diameter of the wheel (iii)
Number of jets (iv) Number and size of the bucket vanes on the
runner
GIVEN:
𝑷 𝒔 =𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏 𝟎 𝑾
𝟑
𝑯 =𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝑵 =𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝜼𝒐 =𝟖𝟓 % 𝟏
𝒅= 𝑫
𝟏𝟎
SOLUTION:
Velocity of Jet:
𝑽 𝟏=𝑪 𝒗 × √ 𝟐× 𝒈 × 𝑯
𝑽 𝟏=𝟎 . 𝟗𝟖 × √ 𝟐 ×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝒎
= 𝒔
Velocity of Wheel:
𝒖= 𝑲 𝒖 × √ 𝟐 ×𝒈 × 𝑯 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑲 𝒖=𝟎 .𝟒𝟓
𝒖=𝟎 . 𝟒𝟓 × √𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ×𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝒎
= 𝒔
Wheel Diameter:
𝝅× 𝑫× 𝑵
𝒖=
𝟔𝟎
𝝅 × 𝑫 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝟑𝟒 . 𝟓𝟐= 𝑫=𝟏 . 𝟑𝟏𝟖 𝒎
𝟔𝟎
Jet Diameter:
𝟏 𝟏 × 𝟏 . 𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝒅= ¿ × 𝑫
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅=𝟎 . 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝒎
Overall Efficiency:
𝑷 𝒔 𝑷𝒔
𝜼𝒐 = ¿
𝝆𝑷× 𝒈𝒘 ×𝑸 × 𝑯
𝟑
𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 . 𝟖𝟓=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏
𝟑
×𝑸 × 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝒎
𝑸=𝟑 . 𝟓𝟗𝟕
𝒔
Jet Discharge:
𝝅 𝝅
𝒒= 𝑨
¿ ×𝑽
𝟒
𝟐
¿𝟏 ×
×𝒅
𝟒
×𝟎 .𝑽
𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝟏
𝟐
× 𝟕𝟓 . 𝟏
𝟑
𝒎
𝒒=𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝒔
No of Jet:
𝟑𝑸
. 𝟓𝟗𝟕
𝒏=
¿
𝟏𝒒
. 𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝒏=𝟑 . 𝟓
𝒏 ≈𝑱𝒆𝒕
𝟒
Size of Bucket:
Axial Width:
𝑩= ¿ 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓
.𝟓 ×𝒅
𝟎 . 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝑩=𝟎 .𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟏𝒎
 Radial Length:
𝑳 =𝟐 𝟓𝒅
¿ 𝟐.. 𝟓× 𝟎 . 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝒎
𝑳=𝟎 . 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟓
Depth of Bucket:
𝑻 = ¿𝟎𝒅
. 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝒎
𝑻 =𝟎 .𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖
Number of Bucket:
𝑫 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝒁 =𝟏𝟓¿ 𝟏𝟓+
+
𝟐𝟐𝒅× 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝒁 =𝟐𝟎
𝑩𝒖𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔
 PROBLEM 3
The nozzle of a Pelton wheel gives a jet of 9cm diameter and velocity
75m/s. Coefficient of velocity is 0.978. The pitch circle diameter is 1.5m
and the deflection angle of the buckets is 170°. The wheel velocity is
0.46 times the jet velocity. Estimate the speed of the Pelton wheel
turbine in rpm, theoretical power developed and also the efficiency of
the turbine.
GIVEN: 𝒎
−𝟐
𝒅=𝟗 ×𝟏 𝟎 𝒎 𝝓=𝟏𝟖𝟎−𝟏𝟕𝟎=𝟏𝟎 ° 𝑽
𝒔𝟏 =𝟕𝟓

𝑫=𝟏 . 𝟓 𝒎 𝒖=𝟎 . 𝟒𝟔 𝑽 𝟏 =𝟎 . 𝟒𝟔 × 𝟕𝟓=𝟑𝟒 . 𝟓

𝒎
𝒔
SOLUTION:
Speed of Turbine:
𝝅× 𝑫× 𝑵 𝝅 × 𝟏 . 𝟓× 𝑵
𝒖= 𝟑𝟒 . 𝟓=
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
= 𝒓𝒑𝒎
Velocity of Jet:
𝑽 𝟏=𝑪 𝒗 × √ 𝟐× 𝒈 × 𝑯
𝟕𝟓=𝟎 . 𝟗𝟕𝟖× √𝟐 ×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏× 𝑯
= 𝒎
Discharge:
𝝅
𝒒= 𝑨¿×𝟒
𝑽× 𝒅 × 𝑽
𝟐

𝝅 𝟐
𝒒= × 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟕𝟓
𝟒
𝟑
𝒎
= 𝒔

From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram

𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 =𝑽 𝟏
𝒎
= 𝒔
𝒖 𝟏 + 𝑽 𝒓 𝟏 =𝑽 𝟏
𝟑𝟒 . 𝟓+𝑽 𝒓 𝟏 =𝟕𝟓
𝒎
= 𝒔

𝑽 𝒓 𝟐 =𝑽 𝒓 𝟏

𝑽 𝒓 𝟐 =𝟒𝟎 . 𝟓
𝒎
= 𝒔
From Outlet Velocity Triangle Diagram
𝒖 𝟐 +𝑽 𝒘 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 =
𝑽𝒓 𝟐
𝟑𝟒 . 𝟓+𝑽 𝒘 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟎=
𝟒𝟎 . 𝟓

𝒎
= 𝒔
Theoretical Power:
𝑷 =𝝆 × 𝑸 × [ 𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 +𝑽 𝒘 𝟐 ] 𝒖
𝑷 =𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟎 . 𝟒𝟕𝟕 × [ 𝟕𝟓 +𝟓 .𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟕 ] ×𝟑𝟒 . 𝟓
= 𝑾
Overall Efficiency:
𝟔
𝑷𝑷 ¿
𝒔 𝒔
𝟏 .𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟓 ×𝟏 𝟎
¿
𝜼𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 . 𝟖𝟏 ×𝟎 . 𝟒𝟕𝟕 × 𝟐𝟗𝟗 .
×𝟗𝑯
𝝆× 𝒈
𝑷 𝒘 × 𝑸 ×
𝜼 𝒐 =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟏
𝜼𝒐 =𝟗𝟒 .𝟑𝟏%
 PROBLEM 10
A Pelton turbine having 1.6m bucket diameter develops a
power of 3600kW at 400rpm, under a net head of 275m. If the
overall efficiency is 88%, and the coefficient of velocity is 0.97,
find speed ratio, discharge, diameter of the nozzle and specific
speed.
GIVEN:
𝑫=𝟏 . 𝟔 𝒎 𝑵 =𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒓𝒑𝒎 𝑷 𝒔 =𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏 𝟎 𝑾
𝟑

𝑯 =𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝒎 𝑪 𝒗=𝟎. 𝟗𝟕 𝜼𝒐 =𝟖𝟖 %

SOLUTION:
Velocity of Jet:
𝑽 𝟏=𝑪 𝒗 × √ 𝟐× 𝒈 × 𝑯
𝑽 𝟏=𝟎 . 𝟗𝟕 × √ 𝟐 ×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 ×𝟐𝟕𝟓
𝒎
= 𝒔
Velocity of Wheel:
𝝅 × 𝑫 ×𝝅
𝑵× 𝟏 . 𝟔 × 𝟒
𝒖= ¿
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝒎
= 𝒔
Speed Ratio
𝒖= 𝑲 𝒖 × √ 𝟐 ×𝒈 × 𝑯
𝟑𝟑 . 𝟓𝟏= 𝑲 𝒖 × √ 𝟐 ×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 ×𝟐𝟕𝟓
𝑲 𝒖=𝟎 . 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟐 𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
Overall Efficiency:
𝑷 𝒔𝒔
𝑷 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏 𝟎
𝟑
¿
𝜼𝒐 = 𝟎 . 𝟖𝟖=
𝝆×
𝑷 𝒈×
𝒘 𝑸× 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑯×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏 ×𝑸 × 𝟐
𝑸=𝟏 . 𝟓𝟏𝟔
𝟑
𝒎
𝒔
Diameter of Nozzle:
𝒒= 𝑨 × 𝑽
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒋𝒆𝒕 𝑸=𝒒

𝝅 𝟐
𝟏 . 𝟓𝟏𝟔= × 𝒅 × 𝟕𝟏 .𝟐𝟓
𝟒
𝒎
𝒅=𝟎 . 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟓
Specific Speed :
𝑵 𝒔=¿ 𝑵 √
𝟒𝟎𝟎 √
𝑷 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
Note: Power should be
𝟓 𝟓
𝟒 substituted in kW
𝑯𝟐𝟕𝟓
𝟒

𝑵𝒐𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕
𝑵 𝒔 =𝟐𝟏 . 𝟒𝟑
 REACTION TURBINE

 In reaction turbine the water enters the runner

under both pressure and kinetic (velocity) head.
 The water passes over the runner, its pressure is
gradually converted into kinetic(velocity) head.
 PROBLEM 2
A Francis turbine with overall efficiency of 76% and hydraulic efficiency of
80% is required to produce 150kW. It is working against a head of 8m. The
peripheral velocity is 0.25√(2gH) and the radial velocity of flow at inlet is
0.95√(2gH). The wheel runs at 150rpm. Assume radial discharge; determine
the guide blade angle, the wheel vane angle at inlet, diameter of the wheel at
inlet and width of the wheel at inlet.

GIVEN:
𝜼𝒐 =𝟕𝟔 % 𝜼𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟖𝟎 % 𝑷 𝒔 =𝟏𝟓𝟎 ×𝟏 𝟎 𝑾
𝟑

𝑯 =𝟖 𝒎 𝒖𝟏=𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓 √ 𝟐 𝒈𝑯 𝑽 𝒇 𝟏=𝟎.𝟗𝟓 √ 𝟐𝒈𝒉

𝑵 =𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒓𝒑𝒎
SOLUTION: 𝒖𝟐
Tangential Velocity at Inlet: 𝑯
𝑮 𝝓
𝒖𝟏=𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓 √ 𝟐 𝒈𝑯 𝑽 𝐫𝟐 𝑽𝒇𝟐
¿𝟎.𝟐𝟓 √ 𝟐×𝟗.𝟖𝟏× 𝟖 𝑬
𝒎
= 𝒔 𝑩
Velocity of Flow at Inlet:
𝑽𝟏
𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝒇𝟏
¿ 𝟎 . 𝟗𝟓 √ 𝟐 ×𝟗 .𝟖𝟏× 𝟖 𝜶 𝜽
=
𝒎 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒔 𝒘𝟏
Hydraulic Efficiency: 𝒖𝟐
𝑽 𝒘𝑽 × 𝟏 ×𝒖 𝟑𝟏 𝑯
. 𝟏𝟑𝟐
𝜼 𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟎 . 𝟖= 𝟏𝒘 𝑮 𝝓
𝒈 ×𝟗𝑯 . 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟖
𝑽 𝑽𝒇𝟐
𝐫𝟐
𝒎
= 𝒔 𝑬
Guide Blade Angle at Inlet: 𝑩
From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram
𝑽
𝟏𝟏 . 𝟖𝟗𝒇 𝟏𝑽 𝑽 𝒇𝟏
𝑽𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 =
¿ 𝒓𝟏
𝟐𝟎 𝑽𝜶. 𝟎𝟒
𝒘𝜽 𝟏

= ° 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒘𝟏
Vane Angle At Inlet 𝒖𝟐
From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram
𝑯
𝑽𝒇𝟏 𝟏𝟏 . 𝟖𝟗 𝑮 𝝓
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = ¿ 𝑽 𝑽𝒇𝟐
𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 −𝒖𝟏𝟐𝟎 . 𝟎𝟒 −𝟑 . 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝐫𝟐

= ° 𝑬
𝑩
Diameter of Wheel:
𝝅 × 𝒅𝟏 × 𝑵 𝑽𝟏
𝒖𝟏=
𝟔𝟎 𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝒇𝟏
𝝅 × 𝒅 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝜶 𝜽
𝟑 . 𝟏𝟑𝟐=
𝟔𝟎 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
= 𝒎 𝒘𝟏
Overall Efficiency:
𝟑
𝑷
𝟏𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝒔 𝟎
𝜼 𝒐𝟎=
. 𝟕𝟔=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷 × 𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏
𝒘 ×𝑸 × 𝟖
𝟑
𝒎
= 𝒔
Discharge:
𝑸 = 𝝅 × 𝒅 𝟏 × 𝒃𝟏 × 𝑽 𝒇 𝟏
𝟎 . 𝟑𝟗𝟕=𝝅 × 𝟎 .𝟑𝟗 × 𝒃𝟏 ×𝟏𝟏 . 𝟖𝟗
= 𝒎
 PROBLEM 3
A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 70% is required to produce147.15
kW. It is working under a head of 8m. The peripheral velocity = 0 and the radial
velocity of the flow at inlet is 0.96. The wheel runs at 200rpm and the hydraulic
losses in the turbine are 20% of the available energy. Assume radial discharge,
determine (i) guide blade angle, (ii) wheel vane angle at inlet, (iii) diameter of
wheel at inlet and (iv) width of wheel at inlet. Draw the suitable velocity triangle.

GIVEN:
𝜼𝒐 =𝟕𝟎 % 𝜼𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟖𝟎 % 𝑷 𝒔 =𝟏𝟒𝟕 .𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏 𝟎 𝑾
𝟑

𝑯 =𝟖 𝒎 𝒖𝟏=𝟎. 𝟑 √𝟐 𝒈𝑯 𝑽 𝒇 𝟏=𝟎.𝟗𝟔 √ 𝟐𝒈𝒉

𝑵 =𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒓𝒑𝒎
SOLUTION: 𝒖𝟐
Tangential Velocity at Inlet: 𝑯
𝑮 𝝓
𝒖𝟏=𝟎 . 𝟑𝟎 √ 𝟐 𝒈𝑯 𝑽 𝐫𝟐 𝑽𝒇𝟐
¿𝟎.𝟑𝟎 √ 𝟐×𝟗.𝟖𝟏× 𝟖 𝑬
𝒎
= 𝒔 𝑩
Velocity of Flow at Inlet:
𝑽𝟏
𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝒇𝟏
¿ 𝟎 . 𝟗 √ 𝟐× 𝟗 .𝟖𝟏 × 𝟖 𝜶 𝜽
=
𝒎 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒔 𝒘𝟏
Hydraulic Efficiency: 𝒖𝟐
𝑽 𝒘𝟏 𝒘 𝟏𝒖
𝑽× ×𝟑 𝑯
. 𝟕𝟓
𝜼 𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟎 . 𝟖= 𝑮 𝝓 𝟏
𝒈× 𝟗𝑯. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝑽𝟖
𝑽 𝒇𝟐 𝐫𝟐
𝒎
= 𝒔 𝑬
Guide Blade Angle at Inlet: 𝑩
From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram
𝑽
𝟏𝟐 . 𝟎𝟐𝒇 𝟏𝑽 𝑽 𝒇𝟏
𝑽𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 =
¿ 𝒓𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝑽𝜶. 𝟕𝟒
𝒘𝜽 𝟏

= ° 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒘𝟏
Vane Angle At Inlet 𝒖𝟐
From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram
𝑯
𝑽𝒇𝟏 𝟏𝟐 . 𝟎𝟐 𝑮 𝝓
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = ¿ 𝑽 𝑽𝒇𝟐
𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 −𝒖𝟏𝟏𝟔 . 𝟕𝟒 −𝟑 . 𝟕𝟓 𝐫𝟐

= ° 𝑬
𝑩
Diameter of Wheel:
𝝅 × 𝒅𝟏 × 𝑵 𝑽𝟏
𝒖𝟏=
𝟔𝟎 𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝒇𝟏
𝝅 × 𝒅 𝟏 ×𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝜶 𝜽
𝟑 . 𝟕𝟓=
𝟔𝟎 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
= 𝒎 𝒘𝟏
Overall Efficiency:
𝟑
𝑷
𝟏𝟒𝟕 . 𝟏𝟓 ×𝒔𝟏𝟎
𝜼 𝒐𝟎=
. 𝟕𝟎=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷 × 𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏
𝒘 ×𝑸 × 𝟖
𝟑
𝒎
= 𝒔
Discharge:
𝑸 = 𝝅 × 𝒅 𝟏 × 𝒃𝟏 × 𝑽 𝒇 𝟏
𝟎 . 𝟑𝟕𝟑=𝝅 × 𝟎 .𝟑𝟓 × 𝒃𝟏 ×𝟏𝟐 . 𝟎𝟐
= 𝒎
 PROBLEM 4
Design a Francis Turbine runner with the following data: Net head = 70m
speed N = 800 rpm. Output power 400 Kw Hydraulic efficiency = 95%
Overall efficiency = 85% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner
diameter is 1/3 outer diameter. Assume 6% circumferential area of the
runner to be occupied by the thickness of the vanes. The flow is radial at
exit and remains constant throughout.
GIVEN:
𝑯 =𝟕𝟎𝒎 𝑵 =𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒓𝒑𝒎 𝑷 𝒔 =𝟒𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏 𝟎 𝑾
𝟑

𝜼𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟓 𝜼𝒐 =𝟎 . 𝟖𝟓 𝑽 𝒇 𝟏=𝟎.𝟐 √ 𝟐𝒈𝒉

𝒃𝟏 𝟏
=𝟎 . 𝟏 𝒅𝟐 = 𝒅 𝟏
𝒅𝟏 𝟑
The thickness of vanes occupy 6% of circumferential
area of runner

Assume that blade thickness reduces the flow area by

6%.
SOLUTION:
Circumferential Area of Runner:
𝑨 = 𝝅 × 𝒅𝟏 × 𝒃 𝟏
𝑨=𝟎 . 𝟗𝟒 × 𝝅 × 𝒅 𝟏 × 𝒃𝟏
𝟐
= 𝒎
Overall Efficiency:
𝟑
𝑷𝟒𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏𝒔 𝟎
𝜼 𝒐𝟎=
. 𝟖𝟓=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑷 ×𝟗 . 𝟖𝟏
𝒘 ×𝑸 × 𝟕𝟎
𝟑
𝒎
= 𝒔
Velocity of Flow at Inlet: 𝒖𝟐
𝑯
𝑮 𝝓
𝑽 𝐫𝟐 𝑽𝒇𝟐
¿ 𝟎 . 𝟐 √ 𝟐× 𝟗 .𝟖𝟏× 𝟕𝟎
=
𝒎
𝒔
𝑬
Discharge:
𝑩
𝑸=𝟎 . 𝟗𝟒 × 𝝅 × 𝒅 𝟏 × 𝒃𝑽𝟏𝟏 × 𝑽 𝒇 𝟏
𝟎 . 𝟔𝟖𝟓=𝟎 . 𝟗𝟒 × 𝝅 × 𝒅𝟏 ×𝟎 . 𝟏× 𝒅 𝟏 × 𝟕 .𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝑽 𝒓𝟏
𝑽 𝒇𝟏
𝜶 𝜽
= 𝒎 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒘𝟏
Breadth Ratio: 𝒖𝟐
𝑯
𝒃𝟏
𝟏
=𝟎 . 𝟎
𝒃𝟏
=𝟎 . 𝟏
𝑮 𝝓
𝒅𝟏 . 𝟓𝟓𝟗 𝑽 𝐫𝟐 𝑽𝒇𝟐
= 𝒎 𝑬
Outlet Diameter:
𝑩
𝟏 𝟏 𝑽 𝟏𝒅
𝒅𝟐 =
𝒅𝟐 = ××𝟎 . 𝟓𝟓𝟗
𝟏 𝑽
𝟑 𝟑 𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝒇𝟏
𝜶 𝜽
= 𝒎 𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒘𝟏
 𝒖𝟐
Tangential Velocity at Inlet: 𝑯
𝝅 × 𝒅𝟏 × 𝑵 𝑮 𝝓
𝒖𝟏= 𝑽 𝐫𝟐 𝑽𝒇𝟐
𝟔𝟎
𝒖𝟏=
𝝅 × 𝟎 .𝟓𝟓𝟗 × 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑬
𝟔𝟎 𝑩
𝒎
= 𝒔 𝑽𝟏
Tangential Velocity at Outlet: 𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝒇𝟏
𝝅 × 𝒅𝟐 × 𝑵 𝜶 𝜽
𝒖𝟐= 𝑨 𝒖𝟏
𝟔𝟎 𝑽 𝒘𝟏 𝑪 𝑫
 𝝅 × 𝟎 .𝟏𝟔𝟖 × 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒖𝟐
𝒖𝟐=
𝟔𝟎
𝑯
𝑮 𝝓
= 𝒎
𝒔 𝑽 𝐫𝟐 𝑽𝒇𝟐
Hydraulic Efficiency: 𝑬
𝑽 𝒘𝟏 𝑽× 𝒖
𝒘𝟏 × 𝟐𝟑
𝟏.𝑩𝟒𝟏𝟓
𝜼 𝒉𝒚𝒅 =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟓=
𝒈 ×𝟗𝑯. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟕𝟎
𝑽𝟏
=
𝒎
𝒔 𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝒇𝟏
𝜶 𝜽
𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒘𝟏
Vane Angle At Inlet 𝒖𝟐
From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram
𝑯
𝑽𝒇𝟏 𝟕 . 𝟒𝟏𝟖 𝑮 𝝓
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = ¿ 𝑽 𝑽𝒇𝟐
𝑽 𝒘 𝟏 −𝒖𝟏𝟐𝟕 .𝟖𝟔 −𝟐𝟑 . 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝐫𝟐

= ° 𝑬
Guide Blade Angle at Inlet:
𝑩
From Inlet Velocity Triangle Diagram 𝑽𝟏
𝑽
𝑽 𝒇 𝟏
𝑽 𝒇𝟏
𝟕 . 𝟒𝟏𝟖 𝒓𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏¿𝜶=
𝟐𝟕
𝜶.
𝜽
𝟖𝟔
𝑨 𝑽
𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒘 𝟏

= ° 𝒘𝟏
Vane Angle At Outlet 𝒖𝟐
From Outlet Velocity Triangle Diagram
𝑯
𝑽 𝒇 𝟐 𝟕 . 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝑮 𝝓
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝝓= ¿ 𝑽 𝑽𝒇𝟐
𝒖𝟐 𝟕 . 𝟖𝟎𝟓 𝐫𝟐

= ° 𝑬
𝑩
𝑽𝟏
𝑽 𝒓𝟏 𝑽𝒇𝟏
𝜶 𝜽
𝑨 𝒖𝟏 𝑪𝑽 𝑫
𝒘𝟏