Chapter 1

Introduction to the
Internet and Web Design
Chapter Objectives
• Define the Internet and associated key terms
• Recognize Internet protocols
• Discuss web browsers and identify their main features
• Describe the types and purposes of websites
• Plan a website for a target audience
• Define a wireframe and a site map
• Explain how websites use graphics, navigation tools,
typography, and color
• Design for accessibility and multiplatform display

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 2

Chapter Objectives
• Define Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and HTML
elements
• Recognize HTML versions and web
• Identify web authoring tools
• Download and use a web authoring tool
• Create and view a basic HTML webpage

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 3

Exploring the Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of computers linked
together for use by organizations, and individuals using
communications devices and media
• A node is any device, such as a computer, tablet, or
smartphone, connected to a network
• A network is a collection of two or more computers linked
together to share resources and information
• The Internet of Things describes the ever-growing number of
devices connecting to a network, including televisions and
appliances

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 4

Exploring the Internet
• Data lines that connect networks allow data to move from
one computer to another
• The Internet backbone is a collection of high-speed data lines
that connect major computer systems located around the
world
• An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that has a
permanent connection to the Internet backbone

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 5

World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web, also called the web, is the service that
provides access to information stored on web servers
• The web consists of a collection of linked files known as
webpages
• A website is a related collection of webpages created and
maintained by a person, company, educational institution, or
other organization

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 6

World Wide Web
• A home page is the first document users see when they
access a website
• A hyperlink, commonly called a link, is an element that
connects one webpage to another webpage on the same
server or to any other web server in the world

Chapter 1: Introduction to HTML, XHTML, and CSS 7

World Wide Web

Source: www.ed.gov

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 8

Protocols
• A protocol is a set of rules that defines how a client
workstation can communicate with a server
• A server is the host computer that stores resources and files
for websites
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a set of rules for
exchanging text, graphics, audio, video, and other multimedia
files on the web
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to exchange files from one
computer to another over the Internet
– This protocol does not provide a way to view a webpage

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 9

Protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a
pair of protocols used to transfer data efficiently over the
Internet by properly routing it to its destination
• Internet Protocol (IP) ensures data is sent to the correct
location
• The Domain Name System (DNS) associates an IP address
with a domain name

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 10

Web Browsers
• A web browser is a program that interprets and displays Web
pages and enables you to view and interact with a Web page
– Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
and Apple Safari
• A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the address of a
document or other file accessible on the Internet
– http://www.cengagebrain.com/shop/index.html
• A domain is an area of the Internet a particular organization
or person manages.

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 11

Web Browsers

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 12

Types of Websites
• An Internet site is another term for a website that is generally
available to anyone with an Internet connection
• An intranet is a private network that uses Internet
technologies to share company information among
employees
• An extranet is a private network that uses Internet
technologies to share business information with select
corporate partners or key customers

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 13

Types of Websites
• Many company websites also support electronic commerce
(e-commerce), which is the buying and selling of goods and
services on the Internet
• Educational institutions use a Learning Management System
(LMS) to simplify course management
– An LMS is a web-based software application designed to
facilitate online learning

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 14

Planning a Website
• Purpose of the website — The purpose of a commercial
business website is related to the goal of selling products or
services
• Target Audience — The people who use the website are
known as the target audience
– Knowing their general demographic background will help to
design a website appropriate for them
• Multiplatform Display —A responsive design of a website
must be created that provides an optimal viewing experience
across a range of devices

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Wireframe
• A wireframe is a simple, visual guide that clearly identifies
the location of main webpage elements
• Active white space is an area on the page that is intentionally
left blank
• Passive white space is the space between content areas
– Helps a user focus on one part of the page

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 16

Wireframe

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 17

Site Map
• A site map is a planning tool that lists or displays all the pages
on a website and indicates how they are related to each other
– It shows the structure of a website

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 18

Site Map
• A linear website structure connects webpages in a straight
line

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 19

Site Map
• In a variation of a linear website structure, each page can
include a link to the home page of the website

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 20

Site Map
• A hierarchical website connects webpages in a treelike
structure

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 21

Site Map
• A webbed website structure has no set organization

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 22

Graphics
• Graphics add visual appeal to a webpage and enhance the
visitor’s perception of the products and services

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 23

Navigation
• The navigation of a website should be clear and concise
• Each webpage should have a designated navigation area with
links to other pages in the site
• The navigation area should be prominent and easy to use

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 24

Typography
• The use of effective typography, or fonts and font styles,
enhances the visual appeal of a website
• Typography also should promote the purpose and goal of the
website

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 25

Color
• The combination of colors contributes to the appeal and
legibility of the website
• Aim to strike a balance among the background color, text
color, and the color that represents a brand
• Colors convey meanings

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 26

Accessibility
• A web designer should create pages for viewing by a diverse
audience, including people with physical impairments and
global users
• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops and
maintains web standards, language specifications, and
accessibility recommendations.

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 27

Planning Checklist
• Navigation, typography, color, and accessibility are the basic
web page design criteria to consider when developing a
website
• A sophisticated website requires additional design
considerations and research of the business, its competition,
and a complete business analysis

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 28

Planning Checklist

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 29

Understanding the Basics of HTML
• Webpages are created using Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML), which is an authoring language used to create
documents for the web
• HTML consists of a set of special instructions called tags to
define the structure and layout of content in a webpage
• The HTML tags define or “mark up” the content on the
webpage, due to which it is considered a markup language
rather than a traditional programming language

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 30

HTML Elements and Attributes
• A webpage is a text file that contains both content and HTML
tags and is saved as an HTML document
• An HTML element consists of everything from the start tag to
the end tag
• HTML elements can be enhanced by using attributes, which
define additional characteristics, or properties, of an element

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 31

HTML Elements and Attributes

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 32

HTML Elements and Attributes
• HTML combines tags and descriptive attributes that define
how a document should appear in a web browser
• HTML elements include headings, paragraphs, hyperlinks,
lists, and images
• HTML elements have a start tag and an end tag and follow
the same rules, or syntax

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 33

HTML Elements and Attributes
• HTML elements are called paired tags and use the syntax
<start tag> content </end tag>, which has the following
meaning:
– HTML elements begin with a start tag, or opening tag, such as
<title>
– HTML elements finish with an end tag, or closing tag, such as
</title>
– Content is inserted between the start and end tags

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 34

HTML Elements and Attributes
• Some HTML elements are void of content. They are called
empty, or void, tags
• Examples of empty tags are <br> for a line break and <hr> for
a horizontal line, or rule
• The syntax for empty tags is <tag>

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 35

HTML Elements and Attributes

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 36

HTML Elements and Attributes

Chapter 1: Introduction to HTML, XHTML, and CSS 37

Technologies Related to HTML
• XML — The W3C introduced XML (Extensible Markup
Language) in 1998 to exchange and transport data
• XHTML — (Extensible Hypertext Markup language) is a
rewritten version of HTML using XML and was developed in
2000 and is accepted on mobile device platforms
• DHTML — DHTML (Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language) is
a term that refers to a combination of web technologies

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web Design 38

HTML5
• It is the most recent version of HTML
• It introduces several new elements such as header, nav, main,
and footer to better define the areas of a webpage
• They are known as semantic HTML elements because they
provide meaning about the content of the tags
• It provides a more flexible approach to web development

39
Understanding the Role of Other Web
Programming Languages
• JavaScript — It is a popular client-side scripting language
used to create interactivity within a web browser
– The web pages that contain JavaScript are named with an .htm
or .html extension
• jQuery — It is a library of JavaScript programs designed for
easy integration onto a webpage
– It makes it easy for web developers to add JavaScript to a
webpage

40
Understanding the Role of Other Web
Programming Languages
• PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) — It is an open-source server-
side scripting language used for common tasks such as
writing to or querying a database located on a central server
– Pages that contain PHP scripts must have file names that end
with the file extension .php
• ASP (Active Server Pages) — is a server-side scripting
technology
– Pages that contain ASP scripts must have file names that end
with the file extension .asp

Chapter 1: Introduction to HTML, XHTML, and CSS 41

Using Web Authoring Tools
• Webpages can be created using HTML with a simple text
editor, such as Notepad, Notepad++, Sublime, Programmer’s
Notepad, TextEdit, and TextWrangler
• A text editor is a program that allows one to enter, change,
save, and print text, which includes HTML tags
• An HTML editor is a program that provides basic text-editing
functions, and advanced features such as color-coding for
various HTML tags, menus to insert HTML tags, and a spelling
checker
• HTML is platform independent

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Text Editors
• Notepad++ is a free, open-source text editor. It is used to
create files in several markup, scripting, and programming
languages, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, Java, C#, and
Visual Basic
• Programmer’s Notepad is a free, open-source text editor
used to create webpages, and files in several markup,
scripting, and programming languages as well
• Sublime is a cross-platform text editor
• TextWrangler is a free, open-source text editor. It is used to
create files in many formats, including HTML and CSS

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Text Editors
• WYSIWYG Editors – Stands for What You See Is What You Get
– These editors provide a graphical user interface to design a
webpage
– It allows to drag HTML elements onto the page while the editor
writes the code
• Adobe Dreamweaver is a popular WYSIWYG editor
• Microsoft Expression Web 4 is a WYSIWYG webpage editor
from Microsoft

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Creating a Basic Webpage
• Every HTML webpage includes the basic HTML tags

45
Chapter 1 Complete