NICE TO SEE YOU AGAIN!

 Last class we were learned about

chapter one (introduction to applied
fluid mechanics in detail )
 Now we will see chapter two in detail
(Lesson 3, 4, 5 & 6)
 CHAPTER TWO
FLUID PROPERTIES
GENERAL OVERVIEW

LESSON 1. MASS

FLUID PROPERTIES
CHAPTER TWO
LESSON 2. DENSITY

LESSON 3. VISCOSITY

LESSON 4.SURFACE ACTIVITY

LESSON 5. COMPRESSIBILITY AND
BULK MODULUS

LESSON 6. UNITS & DIMENSIONS

LESSON 3. VISCOSITY
Viscosity is a resistance to flow or a liquid’s internal
resistance to flow. The characteristic mouth feel of
food products such as tomato ketchup, cream, syrup
and yoghurt depends on their viscosity (or
‘consistency’).

The viscosity of many liquids changes during

heating/cooling/ or concentration and this has
important effects on, for example, the power needed
to pump these products.
LESSON 3. VISCOSITY
Temperature effect on the viscosity:

Temperature too plays a considerable role affecting

viscosity typically, the hotter something become less
viscose it appears and vice versa. The effect of
temperature on a material is governed by the
Arrhenius equation: μ = A expEa/RT , where μ is
dynamic viscosity, A is constant, Ea is the activation
energy for flow, R is the universal gas constant and T
is absolute temperature.
LESSON 3. VISCOSITY
Temperature effect on the viscosity
LESSON 3. VISCOSITY
Viscosity measure instruments
Saybolt or Redwood viscometers: the time for the
flow through a standard orifice, of a fixed quantity of
the liquid kept in a cup of specified dimensions is
measured in seconds and the viscosity is expressed as
Saybolt seconds or Redwood seconds. The time is
converted to poise by empirical equations.
 LESSON 3. VISCOSITY
Falling Sphere Method:
A small polished steel ball is allowed to fall freely
through the liquid column. The ball will reach a uniform
velocity after some distance. The velocity is measured
by timing a constant distance of fall. μ = Fgd2(ρs -
ρf)/18v or μ = 2r2g (ρs – ρf)/9V(µ is in poise. 1 poise =
0.1 Ns/m2). Where: r is the radius of the ball, V is the
terminal velocity (constant velocity), ρs and ρf are the
densities of the ball and the liquid. This equation is
known as Stokes equation.
 LESSON 3. VISCOSITY
Viscosity of some materials
Materials Viscosity (pas)
Air 10-5
Water 10-3
Olive oil 10-1
Glycerol 100
Yoghurt 102
Corn syrup 103
Gelatin gel 106
Ice cream 108
Cheddar 1010
Glass 1020
LESSON 4. Surface activity
Surface activity:

The phenomenon which is due to the molecular

attraction among the liquid molecules at the contact
boundary, is called surface tension.

surface tension (δ) is a linear force and its dimensions

are force per unit length (N/m). For water in contact
with air, δ = 0.0736N/m.

ΔP = 2 δ/r, where: ΔP = differential pressure

(internal pressure – external pressure), δ = surface
tension force per unit length and r = radius of droplet.
LESSON 5. COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS

The property by virtue of which fluids undergo a change in

volume under the action of external pressure is known as
compressibility.

It decreases with the increases in pressure of fluid as the

volume modulus increases with the increase of pressure.

The compressibility in Fluid Mechanics is considered mainly when

the velocity of flow is high enough reaching 20 percent of speed
of sound in the medium.
LESSON 5. COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS

Elasticity of fluids is measured in terms of bulk modulus of

elasticity (K) which is defined as the ratio of compressive stress
to volumetric strain. Compressibility is the reciprocal of bulk
modulus of elasticity. Volumetric strain = -dV/V
LESSON 5. COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS
Therefore; Bulk modulus (

Example:
The pressure of liquid is increased from 3.5 MN/m2 to 6.5MN/m2
its volume is found to decrease by 0.08 percent. What is the bulk
modulus of elasticity of the liquid?
SOLUTION
Initial pressure = 3.5MN/m2
Final pressure = 6.5MN/m2, increase in pressure(dP)
= 6.5-3.5 = 3MN/m2
LESSON 5. COMPRESSIBILITY AND BULK MODULUS

SOLUTION

Decrease in volume = 0.08 percent,

therefore; -dv/v = 0.08/100

Bulk modulus (K) is given by:

ANSWER = K = 3.75GN/m2
LESSON 7. UNITS AND DIMESSIONS
Dimensions

Developing the system to describe characteristic of the

properties of fluids (mass, density, viscosity, surface tension).
Two types qualitative and quantitative description. The qualitative
description called dimensions and the quantitative description
called units.

Qualitative description of primary quantities length (L), time (T),

mass (M), Force (F) and temperature (K). The primary quantities
can be used to determine qualitative description of any other
secondary quantity area (L2), density (M/L3), velocity (L/T), σ =
FL2 or σ = ML1T2
LESSON 7. UNITS AND DIMESSIONS
Dimensional Homogeneity

Dimensions of the left side of the equation must be the

same dimensions as those on the right side, For example
V = V0 + at, where: V0 is the initial velocity, a is the
acceleration and t the time interval. In terms of
dimensions the equation is;

LT-1 = LT-1 + LT-1

LESSON 7. UNITS AND DIMESSIONS
Systems of Units

Quantitative measure of any given quantity, for example width of

black board 10units is meaning less, it is expressed in the length
units in meter, 10m.

Unit must be established for other basic quantities (force, mass,

time, and temperature).
LESSON 7. UNITS AND DIMESSIONS
British Gravitational (BG) System:
Mass is measured in slugs, acceleration is measured in feet per
second-squared (ft/s2), and the product of mass and acceleration,
force, is measured in pounds-force (lbf). F = m*a, F = slug*ft/s2 =
lbf, F = 1 slug * 32.2ft/s2 = 32.2ftlb/lbfs2
Metric System (MS):
The unit of force is kgf defined as the force acted on one kg mass
by standard gravitational acceleration taken as 9.81m/s.
Therefore, 9.81kgm/kgfs2.
International unit System (SI)
SI system is found advantageous in numerical calculation. Be used
dimensional homogeneity in equation.
1N = 1Kg m/s2
 SUMMARY
Exercise
1. A liquid has a specific gravity of 1.527. what are the
values of its specific weight and specific volume?
2. If the specific weight of liquid is 8100N/m3, what is
its density?
3. If the specific volume of a gas 10m3/kg, what is its
specific weight ?
4. A certain ethylene gas weighs 16.0N/m3 at a certain
controlled temperature and pressure. What are the
values of its density, specific volume, and relative
density(specific gravity) relative to air weighing
12N/m3?
5. When a pressure of 20.7 MN/m2 is applied to 100
liters of a liquid its volume decreases by 1 liter. Find
the bulk modulus of the liquid and identify this liquid?
 SUMMARY
Exercise
6.Determine the bulk modulus of a liquid whose volume
decreases by 4% for an increase in pressure of 500 ×
105 pa.
7.The pressure of water in a power press cylinder is
released from 990 bar to 1 bar isothermally. If the
average value of bulk modulus for water in this range
is 2430×106N/m2. What will be the percentage
increase in specific volume?
8. What is a dimensionally consistent equation?
9. Enlist different systems of measurement and state
the most acceptable one among them?
 SUMMARY
Exercise
10. Write the SI units of the following:
Quantity Unit Quantity Unit
Length Frequency
Thermodynamic Pressure
temperature
Amount of Power
substance
Area Moment of force
Density Specific energy
Concentration Thermal
conductivity
 SUMMARY
Exercise
11. The velocity distribution in a viscous flow over a
plate is given by: u = 4y – y2 Where u = velocity in m/s
at a point distance y from the plate. If the coefficient
of dynamic viscosity is 1.5 Ns/m2, determine the shear
stress at y = 0 and at y = 2.0m?
12. Find kinematic viscosity oil having density 981kg/m.
the shear stress a point in oil is 0.2452N/m2 and
velocity gradient at the point is 0.2 per second.
13. Determine the viscosity of a liquid having kinematic
viscosity 6 stoke and specific gravity 1.9
14. Two horizontal plates are placed 1.25 cm apart, the
space between them being filled with oil of viscosity
14poise. Calculate the shear stress in oil if upper plate
is moved with a velocity of 2.5m/s.
 NEXT CLASS

NEXT CLASS: CHAPTER 3 LESSON 1 & 2

Lesson 1.pressure-density-height r/ship
Lesson 2. Pascal Law at a point in fluid

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!