Microbiology RV
Microbiology RV
Microbiology RV
Detection of
Detection of Egg Animal
Microscopy viral genetic Tissue culture
viral proteins inoculation inoculation
material
Prions
• Prions (proteinaceous infectious particles) are infectious particles
composed solely of protein with no detectable nucleic acid.
• Unlike viruses, they are highly resistant to inactivation by heat,
formaldehyde, and ultraviolet light that inactivate viruses.
• Prion diseases: Prion diseases, called “transmissible spongiform
encephalopathies,’’ include scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease in
cattle, and kuru and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans.
• Prions do not appear to be viruses.
Fungal cell structure
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms have true nuclei with definite
nuclear membrane, nucleolus, cytoplasmic organelles (including
mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum,
lysosomes).
• Fungal cell wall consist primarily of chitin, thus fungi are
insensitive to antibiotics such as penicillin, that inhibit
peptidoglycan synthesis.
• Fungal cell membrane consist of ergosterol, in contrast to the
human cell membrane which contain cholesterol.
Fungal Morphology
1) Filamentous fungi (molds):
• Molds: are multi-celled fungi, composed of filament structure,
termed hyphae. Intertwined mass of hyphae is called a
mycelium
• The hyphae may be branched or unbranched.
• Some hyphae contain walls (septate hyphae) where others do not
form walls (non septate hyphae or coenocytic).
Molds
So in the body, they are in yeast form in the pathologic state.
Fungal Reproduction
Source of infection:
Endogenous: Normal flora
Exogenous: Source of human infection may be from soil (geophilic),
from animals (zoophilic), or from human (anthrophilic).
Mode of transmission
Respiratory tract (air borne infection)
GIT (food & water borne infection).
Skin = contact or inoculation
Fungal Virulence factors
• There is evidence that some fungi do have virulence factors:
Ability to adhere to host cells by way of cell wall glycoproteins
Production capsules allowing them to resist phagocytosis
Production of a cytokine that suppress the production of complement.
Ability to damage host by secreting enzymes such as keratinase, elastase,
collagenase.
Ability to secrete mycotoxins (ex. Aflatoxin)
Ability to block the cell-mediated immune defences of the host.
Chronic fungal infections can also provoke an allergic response in the host.
Types of Mycotic Diseases
1. Allergies or Hypersensitivity to fungal spores, particularly aspergillus
spore which cause asthma.
2. Mycotoxicosis. The best- known mycotoxicosis occurs after eating
Amanita mushrooms.
3. Infection, and has four types:
A. Superficial mycosis.
B. Cutaneous and Subcutaneous mycosis
C. Systemic mycosis
D. Opportunistic mycosis
Sterilization and
disinfectant
Terminology
• Sterilization: a process that destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and
endospores.
Time(Min) Temperature
180 140oC
150 150oC
60 160oC
45 170oC
18 180oC
7.5 190oC
Moist heat
1. Pasteurization :
• The temperature employed is either 630C for 30mins (Holder method)
or 720C for 15-20 seconds (Flash method) followed by cooling
quickly to 130C.
• Method is used for heat sensitive liquid and pharmaceutical products.
2. Autoclave
3.:steam is the effective of sterilization, because of its:
1. High penetrating capacity.
2. It gives of large amount of heat to surface with which it comes in contact.
• Autoclaves essentially consist of following:
I. A cylindrical or rectangular chamber.
II. Water heating system
III. Steam outlet and inlet valves
IV. Single or double doors with locking mechanism.
V. Thermometer
VI. Pressure gauges
• To achieve sterility, a holding time of at least 15 minutes at
121 °C at 15 psi or or 10 minutes at 126 °C at 20 psi.
3. Irradiation
• Radiation used for sterilization is of two types:
1.Ionizing radiation, e.g., X-rays, gamma rays, and high speed electrons .
2.Non-ionizing radiation, e.g. ultraviolet light, and infrared light.
• These forms of radiation can be used to kill or inactivate
microorganisms.
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