Said Jamal Uddin Afghani university

CS522
Network Operating System

Khalid Shinwari
[email protected],
0788350228

Information Technology Department

Tuesday, December 12, 2023 Computer Science Faculty
 Chapter 1
Lecture 1
In this lecture we will discuss the following topics

• What is an Operating System?

• Operating System Goals
• Services provided by an OS
• Computer Hardware Organization
• Views of an Operating System
• Types of OS:
Operating Systems
What is an Operating System?
 A modern computer consists of:
 One or more processors
 Main memory
 Disks
 Printers
 Various input/output devices.
 Managing all these varied components requires
a layer of software – the
Operating System (OS).
What is an Operating System?
 An Operating System is a program that acts as an intermediary/interface
between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.

 The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user

can execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.
 Operating System Goals

 OS goals:
– Control/execute user/application programs.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
– Ease the solving of user problems.
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
Services provided by an OS
• User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI)
– Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface (GUI),
Batch
• Program execution - The system must be able to load a program into
memory and to run that program, end execution,)
• I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may involve
a file or an I/O device.
• File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest.
Obviously, programs need to read and write files and directories, create and
delete them, search them, list file Information, permission management.
Services provided by an OS
• Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the same
computer or between computers over a network
– Communications may be via shared memory or through message
passing (packets moved by the OS)
• Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors
– May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in user
program
– For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to
ensure correct and consistent computing
– Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and
programmer’s abilities to efficiently use the system
Services provided by an OS
• Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs running
concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them
– Many types of resources - Some (such as CPU cycles, main memory, and
file storage) may have special allocation code, others (such as I/O devices)
may have general request and release code.
• Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of
computer resources
• Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a multiuser or
networked computer system may want to control use of that information,
concurrent processes should not interfere with each other
– Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is
controlled
– Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication, extends
to defending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts
– If a system is to be protected and secure, precautions must be instituted
throughout it.
Computer System Components
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,
Memory, I/O devices, Communication).
 Operating System – controls and coordinates use of the
hardware among various application programs for various users.
 System & Application Programs – ways in which the system
resources are used to solve computing problems of the users
(Word processors, Compilers, Web browsers, Database systems,
Video games).
 Users – (People, Machines, other computers).
Computer Hardware Organization
User 1 User 2 User 3 ...... User n

Compiler Assembler

Text editor
Databases
System
System and Application Programs

Operating System

Computer Hardware
Figure: Abstract view of the components of a computer system
Views of an Operating System

 There are three classical views (in literature) for an operating system
1. Resource Manager:
 Manages and allocates resources.
 Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use
2. Control program – controls the execution of user programs and
operations of I/O devices.
3. Command Executer – Provides an environment for running user
commands.
1. Resource Manager

 Resource Manager:
– Manages and protects multiple computer resources: CPU,
Processes, Internal/External memory, Tasks, Applications,
Users, Communication channels, etc…
– Handles and allocates resources to multiple users or
multiple programs running at the same time and
space (e.g., processor time, memory, I/O devices).
– Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair
resource use (e.g., maximize throughput, minimize
response time).
OS as a Resource Manager
2. Control Program

 Control Program:
– Manages all the components of a complex computer system
in an integrated manner.

– Controls the execution of user programs and I/O devices to

prevent errors and improper use of computer resources.
3. Command Executer
 Command Executer:
– Interfaces between the users and machine.
– Supplies services/utilities to users.
– Provides the users with a convenient CLI (Command Language Interface),
also called a Shell (in UNIX), for entering the user commands.
Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

Single User Single task
 As the name implies, this operating system is designed to
manage the computer so that one user can effectively do
one thing at a time.

 Example of single user OS are

– MS-DOS.
– The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers (PDA) is a
good example of a modern single-user, single-task
operating system.
Single User multi tasking

 This is the type of operating system most people use on their

desktop and laptop computers today.

 Examples of Single user multi tasking are:

– Microsoft's Windows and Apple's MacOS platforms are both
examples of OS that will let a single user have several
programs in operation at the same time.
– For example, it's entirely possible for a Windows user to be
writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file
from the Internet while printing the text of an e-mail
message.
Multi user

 A multi-user operating system allows many different users

to take advantage of the computer's resources
simultaneously.
 The operating system must make sure that the requirements
of the various users are balanced, and that each of the
programs they are using has sufficient and separate
resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect the
entire community of users.
 Examples of Multiuser OS are:
– Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and Linux are three well-
known examples of this type of system.