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Probable Errors

The document discusses concepts related to measurement errors including: - Residual is the difference between a measured value and the most probable value. Probable error defines a range where there is a 50% chance the true value lies. - Relative precision expresses the accuracy of a measurement as the ratio of the error magnitude to the measured quantity magnitude. - When quantities are summed or multiplied, the probable errors are also summed or multiplied to determine the probable error of the result. - Measurements given different weights based on number of observations are used to calculate a weighted mean or average. It provides examples of calculating most probable values, probable errors, relative precision, and weighted means from sets of measurements with associated errors

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65 views13 pages

Probable Errors

The document discusses concepts related to measurement errors including: - Residual is the difference between a measured value and the most probable value. Probable error defines a range where there is a 50% chance the true value lies. - Relative precision expresses the accuracy of a measurement as the ratio of the error magnitude to the measured quantity magnitude. - When quantities are summed or multiplied, the probable errors are also summed or multiplied to determine the probable error of the result. - Measurements given different weights based on number of observations are used to calculate a weighted mean or average. It provides examples of calculating most probable values, probable errors, relative precision, and weighted means from sets of measurements with associated errors

Uploaded by

mohammadamintao13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABLE ERRORS

Residual
- The residual, which is sometimes referred to as deviation, is defined as the
difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value
or
Residual, v = x – mpv
Probable Error
- a quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the most probable value,
defines a range within which there is a 50 percent chance that the true value of the
measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits set.

= 0.6745 Where:
= 0.6745 = probable error of any single measurement
= probable error of the mean
= summation of the squares of the residuals
n = number of observations
Relative Precision
-It is used to check the accuracy of a measurement and to define the degree of
refinement obtained. Expressed by a fraction having the magnitude of the error in
the numerator and magnitude of a measured quantity in the denominator.

Relative Precision, RP =
Interrelation of Errors
• Summation of Errors – if several measured quantities are added, each of which is affected by
accidental errors.
=
Where,
= probable error of the sum
, etc.. = probable error of each measurement
• Product of Errors – for a measured quantity which is determined as the product of two other
independently measured quantities.
=
Where,
= probable error of the product
and = measured quantities
and = probable error corresponding to each quantity
Weighted Observations (Reliability)
*The weight is directly proportional to the number of measurements
(trials) or number of observations.
The following values were determined in a series of tape measurements of a line:
1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.48, 1000.40, and 1000.46 meters. Determine the
following:

a) Most probable value of the measured length


b) Probable error of a single measurement and probable error of the mean
c) Final expression for the most probable length
d) Relative precision of the measurement.

Solution:
a) n=6
= + + + +
= 1000.58 + 1000.40 + 1000.38 +1000.48 + 1000.40 + 1000.46
= 6002.70 m
mpv =
= 1000.45 m (most probable value of the measured length)
b) Probable error of a single measurement and probable error of the mean
Measured Length (x) Residual (v – mpv) Square of Residual ()

1000.58 +0.13 0.0169


1000.40 -0.05 0.0025
1000.38 -0.07 0.0049
1000.48 +0.03 0.0009
1000.40 -0.05 0.0025
1000.46 +0.01 0.0001
SUM

= 0.6745= 0.6745 = 0.0503 m


= 0.6745 = 0.6745 = 0.0205m
Or
= = = 0.0205m
c) Final expression for the most probable length
True Value of Single Measurement = mpv PEs
True Value of Single Measurement = 1000.45 0.0503
True Value of Single Measurement = 1000.3997 to 1000.5003
True Value of the Mean = mpv + PEm
True Value of the Mean = 1000.45 0.0205
True Value of the Mean = 1000.4925 to 1000.4705

d)Relative Precision of the measurement


RPs = = = =
RPm = = =
Four measurements of a distance were recorded as 284.18, 284.19, 284.22, and
284.20 meters and given weights of 1,3,2, and 4, respectively. Determine the
weighted mean.
Measured Length (x) Frequency (w) Product (X multiplied to w)
284.18 1 284.18
284.19 3 852.57
284.22 2 568.44
284.20 4 1136.8
SUMS

Weighted Mean = = = 284.199


It is desired to determine the most probable value of an angle which
has been measured at different times by different observers with equal
care. The values observed were as follows: 74 39’ 45” (in two
measurements), 74), and 74 39’ 35” (in six measurements)

Measured No. of Product


Values Observations

74 39’ 45” 2
74 4
74 39’ 35” 6
Sums 12
The three sides of a triangular-shaped tract of land is given by the following
measurements and corresponding probable errors a = 162.54 0.03m,
b = 234.26 0.05m, and c = 195 0.04m. Determine the probable error of the sum
and the most probable error of the perimeter.
The two sides of a rectangular lot were measured with certain estimated probable
errors as follows: W = 253.36 0.06m and L = 624.15 0.08m. Determine the area of
the lot and the probable error in the resulting calculation.

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