St. Anne’s Catholic School, Inc.

Junior high School Department

SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY 7
 St. Anne’s Catholic School, Inc.
Junior high School Department

EARTH & SPACE

CHAPTER 17
 PRAYER BEFORE CLASS
Dear Lord and Father of all, thank you for
today. Thank you for ways in which you
provide for us all.
For your protection and love we thank
you. Help us to focus our hearts and
minds now on what we are about to learn.
 PRAYER BEFORE CLASS
Inspire us by Your Holy Spirit as we listen
and write. Guide us by your eternal light
as we discover more about the world
around us. We ask all this in the name of
Jesus.
Amen.
 CLASSROOM RULES
 Be on TIME
 Be PREPARED
 Be RESPONSIBLE
 Always TRY and DO YOUR
BEST.
 CLASSROOM RULES
 Treat Everyone with RESPECT
 STAY On Task & FOLLOW
Direction
 Always LISTEN
 ONLINE CLASS RULES
 Be On TIME
 Find A QUIET Place To Work
 Be PREPARED
 Turn ON Your CAMERA/VIDEO
 ONLINE CLASS RULES
 Keep Yourself MUTED
 Click the RAISE HAND Button To
Talk
 Pay ATTENTION
 Be RESPECTFUL and KIND
UNIT V: EARTH AND SPACE
EARTH AND THE
PHILIPPINE
ENVIRONMENT
 UNIT V: EARTH AND SPACE

LESSON 1: LOCATING
PLACES ON EARTH
 LEARNING TARGETS:
1. Demonstrate how places on Earth may be
located using coordinates.
 ACTIVATING PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Using a latitude and longitude map printout do

the following:
1. Identify the equator by marking it with a
different color other than black (0 degrees
latitude)
2. Highlight the prime meridian with another
ink to identify 0 degrees longitude.
3. Choose a country in the European continent
that you want to explore and mark it with an X
4. Similarly, choose an island in the pacific and
mark it with another X.
5. Choose another location: this time, choose
any place on the map and mark it with another
X.
6. Mark the following • Hongkong
cities on the map: • New York
• Los Angeles
• Manila • Sydney
• Tokyo • Nairobi
• Jakarta • Mumbai
 PLACES ON EARTH
Celestial Navigation – it is the system of
navigation using heavenly bodies as bases.
Greeks – the first to establish the first system
of navigation.
- invented imaginary lines to
establish starting points in the
globe.
 PLACES ON EARTH
Modern Navigation – make use of two
imaginary lines that run from pole to pole and
from west to east of the globe.
- These imaginary lines are respe
 PLACES ON EARTH
Latitude and Longitude – are systems of
geometrical coordinates used as bases in telling
direction and locating places, measuring distance,
and reckoning time on the earth’s surface.
Equator and Prime Meridian – two starting
points used in locating places and telling
directions on Earth.
 EQUATOR OR PRIME
PARALLEL

Passes horizontally through the center of the

Earth, dividing the Globe into Northern and
Southern Hemispheres.
 PRIME MERIDIAN
The vertical line that passes through
Greenwich, England, dividing the Earth
into Western and Eastern Hemisphere.
 LATITUDE
• The North or South location of any place on
Earth.
• Marked by imaginary lines called parallels of
latitude drawn parallel to the equator.
• All parallels of latitude drawn between the
equator and North Pole have Northern latitude
and those between the equator and the South
Pole have Southern latitude.
 REMEMBER:
• Since the equator is the starting point in
determining the latitude of a particular place,
it is designed as 0-degree latitude.
• It is also important to indicate the N and S
after the degree unit.
• Latitude measurements range only from 0 to
90 degree.
 LONGITUDE
• The West or East location of any place on
Earth.
• Marked by imaginary lines called meridians
of longitude drawn parallel to the prime
meridian.
• In 1884 by international agreement, it was
determined that the meridian of longitude
passing through Greenwich, England would
be the starting point.
• This line designated as 0-degree longitude
and a metallic marker in Greenwich indicates
its exact location.
 REMEMBER:
• Thus, facing North, the area at the right of the
prime meridian is Eastern Hemisphere, and
the area at the left is Western Hemisphere.
• It is important to indicate E and W after the
degree unit.
• Longitude measurements range only from 0-
180 degree.
 REMEMBER:
• Meridians of longitude all converge and meet
at the poles.
• Distance between two meridians decreases as
one move towards the poles from the equator.
• The spaces between two meridians is greatest
at the equator by about 70 miles.
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
• Distance on Earth are expressed in angular
measurement, so the unit is called degree.
• One degree of latitude or longitude is equal to
70 miles (112 km) and divided into equal
parts called minute.
• Minute – of latitude or longitude is equal to
70/60 or 1.1667 miles (nautical mile) and
divided into equal parts called second.
• Second – of latitude and longitude is equal to
100 ft.
 UNIT V: EARTH AND SPACE

LESSON 2: THE EARTH’S

LITHOSPHERE
 LEARNING TARGETS:
• Describe the layers of the Earth’s Interior
• Discuss the rocks that composes the Earth’s
lithosphere.
• Relate the location of the Philippines with
respect to the continents.
 TRY THIS INQUIRY LAB
• Using your reference book, answer the
following questions:
1. In which layer do you see mountains and
ocean basins?
2. Which layer contains the densest materials
like iron and nickel?
 TRY THIS INQUIRY LAB
3. Which layer is rigid but molten?
4. Which layer is the thinnest?
5. Which layer can be studied directly by
geologist?
6. Which layer is composed of:
 TRY THIS INQUIRY LAB
a. Silicates of metallic compound?
b. Silicon and aluminum?
c. Iron and magnesium?
d. Iron-rich metal alloy?
e. Iron and Nickel?
 TRY THIS INQUIRY LAB
7. Recall the different layers of the Earth’s
interior and the materials that compose each
layer. How are the materials of the Earth’s
interior arranged?
 LAYERS OF THE
EARTH’S INTERIOR
 CRUST
- The thinnest and the outermost layer of the
Earth’s interior
- this layer show great variation in thickness
and composition.
- It is divided into two parts: continental crust
and oceanic crust.
 CONTINENTAL CRUST
- Is 30 to 50 km thick.
- Chiefly composed of rocks with silicon
aluminum (SiAl)
- Granite is the basic type of rock that
composes the continental crust.
 OCEANIC CRUST
- Is comparatively thinner, being about 7.5 thick.
- It is chiefly composed of rocks rich with
silicon, iron, and magnesium (Sima).
- Basalt is the basic type of rock that composes
this region of the crust.
- Basalt is heavier and denser than granite rock.
ANDRIJA MOHOROVICIC

•In 1909 a croation

seismologist, noticed a marked
change in the way seismic or
earthquake waves moved upon
reaching a depth of 32 to 48 km.
ANDRIJA MOHOROVICIC

•He observed using seismogram

that the seismic wave moved
faster upon reaching the such
depth.
ANDRIJA MOHOROVICIC

•He concluded that when

compared to the crust, this zone
differs in density, causing the
earthquake waves to travel
faster.
ANDRIJA MOHOROVICIC

•In recognition of his

worthwhile discovery, this rigid
zone has been called Moho
discontinuity- a zone that
separates the crust and mantle.
 MANTLE
- Is the next layer beneath the crust and under
the Moho.
- This layer reaches almost halfway to the
center of the Earth.
 UPPER MANTLE
- 965 km, composed chiefly of silicates of
metallic compounds that are different from the
crust.
LOWER MANTLE
- 1930 km, which is composed of iron and
magnesium.
 MANTLE
- Materials/rocks are denser compared to the
material in crust.
- Seismic waves travel much faster than in the
crust due to high temperature (3000ºC) and
pressure (716 kg/cm³) cause the material to
become elastic.
 MANTLE
- Due to extreme pressure and temperature they
yield the passing of seismic wave and then
spring back without changing it form.
 CORE
- Is the innermost and the central region of the
Earth’s interior
- It extend to about 3200 km from the mantle.
- Its temperature is about 3038ºC and has a
pressure of 3 million atm.
 OUTER CORE
- Extend from 2,880 km to 5036 km from the
mantle.
- Composed of iron-rich metal alloy, and it is
inferred to be liquid in form.
 INNER CORE
- Comprises the entire center of the Earth’s interior.
- Inferred to be composed of heavy iron and nickel,
which is in solid form, very dense but highly elastic.
- Release gravitational energy and heat fusion that
conduct and drive electricity on layers above it.
ROCKS AND MINERALS
 PETROLOGY
- Is the science that deals with the study of the
formation, composition and classification of
rocks.
 TYPES OF ROCKS
Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rocks
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
- Rocks form from molten materials that
crystallize for a long period of time (million
of years).
- Magma remain confined beneath the surface
it will crystallize into intrusive igneous rock
or plutonic rocks with phaneritic textures.
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
- Lava that welled up or flown onto the surface
cools and hardens rapidly into extrusive
igneous rock or volcanic rocks.
- Fined-grained or aphanitic in texture since
crystals are very small.
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
- In some cases some lave expelled in upper
layer of the atmosphere cools and hardens
abruptly, forming rocks that are glassy in
texture.
- Some extrusive rocks have frothy texture.
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
- Formed from small particles of rocks that
have been lithified (compacted and cemented)
together.
- Exposed to natural processes like weathering
and erosion.
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
- Weathering is the physical and chemical
breakdown of rocks. As a result, rocks
crumble into small particles called sediment.
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- Rocks that chemically changed in form,
structure, and composition under great heat and
pressure and through other agents of
metamorphism.
- Rock types are usually more crystallize, harder
and denser than rocks where they originate.
 MINERALS COMPOSE ROCKS
- Are naturally formed elements and inorganic materials
whose atoms and molecules are bound together in a
definite orderly arrangement to form crystals.
- May be composed of single elements like carbon, gold,
silver, and copper, or two or more chemically
combined to form compounds of oxide, sulfides,
carbonates, silicates and phosphate.
 METROLOGY
- Is the study and of minerals.

METROLOGIST
- Subject the minerals to various test to identify
them and determine their properties.
LANDFORMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 CONTINENTS
- Large areas of land.
- 7 continents in the world: AFRICA, ASIA,
EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH
AMERICA, AUSTRALIA & ANTARTICA.
 CONTINENTS
- In terms of size: ASIA, AFRICA, NORTH
AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, ANTARTICA,
EUROPE, AND AUSTRIA
- The Philippines is in the continent of Asia, and
its neighboring countries are China, Japan,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Taiwan.
 THE PHILIPPINES
A. Philippines major island have active and dormant
volcanoes.
1. Mount Mayon
2. Mt. Pinatubo
3. Taal Volcano
4. Mt. Bulusan
5. Mt. Hibok-Hibok
 THE PHILIPPINES
6. Mt. Apo
7. Mt. Banahaw
8. Mt. Iraya
 THE PHILIPPINES
B. The Philippines is also teeming with
nonvolcanic mountains, hills, and mountain
ranges.
1. Mount Dulang-dulang
2. Sierra Madre Mountains
3. Mt. Pulag
 THE PHILIPPINES
4. Mt. Halcon
5. Mt. Kanlaon
6.The Chocolate Hills
7. Aurora Hills
8. Antipolo Hills
 THE PHILIPPINES
C. There are flatlands, called
1. Plains - serves as good site in raising crops.
2. Valley – located between mountains.
3. Plateaus – located in high level areas.