Department of Education

National Capital Region

Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

General Biology 1
Grade Level : Grade 12
Quarter : 1st Quarter
Subject Code : GenBio1
School Year : 2022 - 2023
Instructor : Mr. Joshua Bong A. Bual

Office of the Academics – Curriculum I Instruction I Assessment

 Guide Questions:

1. Why is it important to learn about life cycles?

EXCELLENCE I CHARACTER I SERVICE

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

Lesson 2
Distinguishing the Role of Cell Cycle:

• Mitosis
• Meiosis

Identifying Disorders and Diseases of Cell

Malfunction during Cell Cycle

Office of the Academics – Curriculum I Instruction I Assessment

 Lesson Objectives
1. Define the meaning and purpose of cell cycle.

2. Describe the phases of the Cell cycle and their control points including the concept of mitosis and
meiosis.

3. Demonstrate the process happen during mitosis and meiosis and how cell malfunction influence
cell cycle.

4. Compare and contrast the process of mitosis and meiosis and their role in the cell division cycle.
 Distinguishing the Role of
Cell Cycle
Most cells in an organism go through a cycle of growth, development, and
division called the cell cycle. The cell cycle makes it possible for organisms:

• to grow and develop

• to replace cells that are old or damaged, and
• to produce new cells.
The Cell Cycle:
• Cells follow definite stages of growth, duplication, and
division.
• The body is made up of about 100 trillion cells, all from a
single fertilized cell at the start of life.
• This cycle involves distinct and regular phases of growth, DNA
duplication, and cell division that are needed to allow growth
and repair.
• If this cellular cycle goes out of control, abnormal cell growth
can occur and it may manifest in the body of the organism.
What are the Phases of the Cell Cycle?
What are the Phases of
the Cell Cycle?

There are two main phases in

the cell cycle:

• Interphase
• Mitotic phase
What Happen During
Interphase?
Three stages during interphase:

1. rapid growth and replication, or copying, of the membrane-

bound structures called organelles,
2. copying of DNA, the genetic information in a cell, and
3. preparation for cell division.

• Interphase is the period of a cell’s growth and development.

• A cell spends most of its life in interphase.
What Happen During
Mitotic Phases?
A cell reproduces during the mitotic phase.

The mitotic phase has two stages, as shown in the diagram

1. During the first stage, the contents of the nucleus

divide.
2. During the second stage, the cell’s fluid, e, the cell’s
fluid, or cytoplasm, divides.

• The mitotic phase creates two new identical cells.

 G1 Stage
• The first stage of interphase is the G1 stage. This is a period
of rapid growth. G1 is the longest stage of the cell cycle.

• During G1, a and carries out its normal cell functions. For
excell grows ample, during G1 the cells that line your stomach
make enzymes that help you digest your food.

• Most cells continue the cell cycle. However, some cells stop the
cell cycle at the G1 stage. Like, Mature nerve cells in your
brain remain in G1 and do not divide again.
 S Stage
• During the S stage, a cell grows and copies
its DNA.
S Stage
Strands of chromatin are copied, so there are now two
identical strands of DNA.

This is necessary because each new cell gets a copy of the

genetic information.

The new strands coil up and form chromosomes.

A cell’s DNA is arranged as pairs. Each pair is called a
duplicated chromosome.

Two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids make

up a duplicated chromosome.

The sister chromatids are held together by a structure

called a centromere.
S Stage
• During the S stage, a cell grows and copies its DNA.
• Strands of chromatin are copied, so there are now two
identical strands of DNA.
• This is necessary because each new cell gets a copy of the
genetic information.
• The new strands coil up and form chromosomes.
• A cell’s DNA is arranged as pairs.
• Each pair is called a duplicated chromosome.
• Two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids make
up a duplicated chromosome.
• The sister chromatids are held together by a structure called
a centromere.
 Centromeres and
Kinetochore
• The primary function of the centromere is to provide the foundation for
assembly of the kinetochore, which is a protein complex essential to
proper chromosomal segregation during mitosis.

• In eukaryotes, the kinetochore is a proteinaceous multi-subunit

assembly whose main function is to generate load-bearing
attachments of sister chromatids (the replicated chromosomes held
together by the protein complex cohesin) to spindle microtubules
during cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
 G2 Stage
• The last stage of interphase is the G2 stage. This is another
period of growth and the final preparation for mitosis.

• A cell uses energy to copy DNA during the S stage.

• During G2 , the cell stores energy that will be used during
the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.
Exploring Mitosis in an
Animal Cells
Mitosis

• Is the kind of division that takes place in the somatic or

body cells.
G2 Interphase
• A nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus.
• The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli (singular, nucleolus).
• Two centrosomes have formed by duplication of a single centrosome.
Centrosomes are regions in animal cells that organize the microtubules
of the spindle. Each centrosome contains two centrioles.
• Chromosomes, duplicated during S phase, cannot be seen individually
because they have not yet condensed
Prophase
• The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled, condensing into discrete
chromosomes observable with a light microscope.
• The nucleoli disappear.
• Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at
their centromeres and, in some species, all along their arms by cohesins (sister
chromatid cohesion).
• The mitotic spindle (named for its shape) begins to form. It is composed of the
centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them. The radial arrays of
shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosomes are called asters (stars).
• The centrosomes move away from each other, propelled partly by the lengthening
microtubules between them.
Prometaphase
• The nuclear envelope fragments.
• The microtubules extending from each centrosome can now invade the
nuclear area.
• The chromosomes have become even more condensed.
• Each of the two chromatids of each chromosome now has a kinetochore, a
specialized protein structure at the centromere.
• Some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochores, becoming
kinetochore microtubules, which jerk the chromosomes back and forth.
• Nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole
of the spindle.
Metaphase
• The centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell.
• The chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate, a plane that is
equidistant between the spindle s two poles. The chromosomes
centromeres lie at the metaphase plate.
• For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are
attached to kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles.
Anaphase
• Anaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis, often lasting only a few minutes.
• Anaphase begins when the cohesion proteins are cleaved. This allows the two sister
chromatids of each pair to part suddenly. Each chromatid thus becomes a full- edged
chromosome.
• The two liberated daughter chromosomes begin moving toward opposite ends of the
cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten. Because these microtubules are
attached at the centromere region, the chromosomes move centromere first (at about
1 m/min).
• The cell elongates as the nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen.
• By the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete
collections of chromosomes.
Telophase
• Two daughter nuclei form in the cell. Nuclear envelopes arise from the fragments of
the parent cell s nuclear envelope and other portions of the endomembrane system.
• Nucleoli reappear.
• The chromosomes become less condensed.
• Any remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized.
• Mitosis, the division of one nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei, is now
complete.
Cytokinesis
• The division of the cytoplasm is usually well under way by late telophase,
so the two daughter cells appear shortly after the end of mitosis.
• In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage furrow,
which pinches the cell in two.
Meiosis I
• Is a variation of cell division that produces the gametes.
• This type of cell division reduces the number of sets of
chromosomes from two to one in the gametes,
counterbalancing the doubling that occurs at fertilization.
• A result of meiosis, each human sperm and egg is haploid (n
= 23).
• Fertilization restores the diploid condition by combining two
haploid sets of chromosomes, and the human life cycle is
repeated, generation after generation
Prophase I
• Centrosome movement, spindle formation, and nuclear envelope breakdown occur as
in mitosis. Chromosomes condense progressively throughout prophase I.

• During early prophase I, before the stage shown above, each chromosome pairs with its
homolog, aligned gene by gene, and crossing over occurs: The DNA molecules of non-
sister chromatids are broken (by proteins) and are rejoined to each other.

• Later in prophase I, after the stage shown above, microtubules from one pole or the
other will attach to the two kinetochores, one at the centromere of each homolog. (The
two kinetochores of a homologous, not yet visible above, act as a single kinetochore.)
The homologous pairs will then move toward the metaphase plate.
Metaphase I

• Pairs of homologous chromosomes are now arranged at the metaphase plate,

with one chromosome in each pair facing each pole.

• Both chromatids of one homolog are attached to kinetochore microtubules

from one pole; those of the other homolog are attached to microtubules from
the opposite pole.
Anaphase I

• Breakdown of proteins that are responsible for sister chromatid cohesion

along chromatid arms allows homologs to separate.
• The homologs move toward opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus.
• Sister chromatid cohesion persists at the centromere, causing chromatids to
move as a unit toward the same pole
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
• When telophase I begin, each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of
duplicated chromosomes. Each chromosome is composed of two sister
chromatids; one or both chromatids include regions of non sister chromatid
DNA.
• Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually occurs simultaneously with
telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells.
• In animal cells like these, a cleavage furrow forms. (In plant cells, a cell
plate forms.)
• In some species, chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelopes form.
• No chromosome duplication occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II.
Meiosis II
• During meiosis II, the sister chromatids within the two
daughter cells separate, forming four new haploid
gametes.
Prophase II

• A spindle apparatus forms.

• In late prophase II (not shown here), chromosomes, each still
composed of two chromatids associated at the centromere,
move toward the metaphase II plate.
Metaphase II
• The chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plate as in
mitosis.
• Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two sister
chromatids of each chromosome are not genetically
identical.
• The kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to
microtubules extending from opposite poles.
Anaphase II

• Breakdown of proteins holding the sister chromatids together

at the centromere allow the chromatids to separate. The
chromatids move toward opposite poles as individual
chromosomes.
Telophase II and Cytokinesis

• Nuclei form, the chromosomes begin decondensing, and

cytokinesis occurs.
• The meiotic division of one parent cell produces four
daughter cells, each with a haploid set of (unduplicated)
chromosomes.
• The four daughter cells are genetically distinct from one
another and from the parent cell.
Meiosis Process
GCSE Biology - Cell Types and Cell Structure #1

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCCp-Y_-7J0

 Enrichment Activity
Answer the following essential questions to assess the understanding about the topic
discussed.

1. Why is it important to understand and appreciate the biologists' contribution to your

knowledge about cells?

2. How useful is the cell type in classifying organisms?

 Evaluation/Assessment
Written Work No. 2
The Phases Of Cell Cycle
Directions: Draw and label the Phases of Mitosis and Meiosis with label on an 8.5x11
size of bond paper.
 EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR POOR
10pts 8pts 5pts 2pts

The poster includes all All but 1 of the required

Required All required elements are Several required elements
required elements as well elements is included on
Elements included on the poster. were missing.
as additional information. the poster.

All items of importance Almost all items of Many items of

on the poster are clearly importance on the poster importance on the poster Labels are too small to
Labels labeled with labels that are clearly labeled with are clearly labeled with view OR no important
can be read from at least
3 feet away.
labels that can be read
from at least 3 feet away.
labels that can be read
from at least 3 feet away.
items were labeled. Written Work No. 2
The Phases Of Cell
All graphics are related to All graphics are related to
All graphics relate to the Graphics do not relate to
Cycle Rubric
the topic and make it the topic and most make
Graphics - topic. One or two the topic OR several
easier to understand. it easier to understand.
Relevance borrowed graphics have a borrowed graphics do not
All borrowed graphics Some borrowed graphics
source citation. have a source citation.
have a source citation. have a source citation.

The poster is The poster is

The poster is attractive in The poster is acceptably
exceptionally attractive in distractingly messy or
Attractiveness terms of design, layout, attractive though it may
terms of design, layout, very poorly designed. It
and neatness. be a bit messy.
and neatness. is not attractive.
 Digital Poster Rubric
EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR POOR
10pts 8pts 5pts 2pts
The poster includes all required
REQUIRED All required elements are included All but 1 of the required elements is Several required elements were
elements as well as additional
ELEMENTS on the poster. included on the poster. missing.
information.

All items of importance on the Almost all items of importance on Many items of importance on the
poster are clearly labeled with labels the poster are clearly labeled with poster are clearly labeled with Labels are too small to view OR no
LABELS that can be read from at least 3 feet labels that can be read from at least labels that can be read from at least important items were labeled.
away. 3 feet away. 3 feet away.

All graphics are related to the topic All graphics are related to the topic
All graphics relate to the topic. One Graphics do not relate to the topic
GRAPHICS - and make it easier to understand. and most make it easier to
or two borrowed graphics have a OR several borrowed graphics do
RELEVANCE All borrowed graphics have a source understand. Some borrowed
source citation. not have a source citation.
citation. graphics have a source citation.

The poster is exceptionally The poster is distractingly messy or

ATTRACTIVEN The poster is attractive in terms of The poster is acceptably attractive
attractive in terms of design, layout, very poorly designed. It is not
ESS design, layout, and neatness. though it may be a bit messy.
and neatness. attractive.
 Valuing
As a Monlimarian, what do you think is the relevance of
Cell cycle in our life? How does it help you to better
understand life cycle?
 Agreement
Write additional information to our topic through this website.

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Tutorial:

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
 References
Title of the Book: Basic Concepts in Biology

Author: Penecilla, Formacion, Fandialan, Valmonte, Sandoval, Esmeralda

Page/s: 35-37
 Instruction for Submission
Instructions: Submit your output every Friday. Follow the following format:

Name:
Section:
Activity No.:
End of Lesson

Thank You and Keep Safe!