Night Blindness Colour Blindness

NIGHT BLINDNESS
COLOUR BLINDNESS
NIGHT BLINDNESS (NYCTALOPIA)
• Night blindness may occur in patient with rod dysfunction and also
in patients having media opacities and advanced POAG.
• Rod dysfunction
• Night vision is a function of rods. Therefore, the conditions in
which functioning of these nerve endings is deranged will result in
night blindness. These include:
• Vitamin A deficiency,
• Congenital high myopia,
• Familial congenital night blindness.
• Media opacities
• Night blindness may also develop in conditions of the ocular
media interfering with the light rays in dim light. These include :
• Corneal opacities.
• Advanced POAG
• In advanced cases of primary open angle glaucoma, dark
adaptation may be so much delayed that patients gives history of
night blindness.
COLOUR BLINDNESS
• An individual with normal colour vision is known as trichromats.
This is because the normal human eye can appreciate three
primary colours (red, green and blue) due to presence of three
different types of cones,
• i.e. red sensitive, green sensitive, and blue sensitive. All colours
of the spectrum can be percieved by fusion of these three
primary colours in varying proportions.
• In colour blindness, mechanism to appreciate one or more
primary colours is either defective or absent.
• It may be congenital or acquired.
A. CONGENITAL COLOUR BLINDNESS
• It is a hereditary condition affecting males more (3-4%) than
females (0.4%). It may be of the following types:
• Dyschromatopsia
• Achromatopsia.
• 1 Dyschromatopsia
• Dyschromatopsia, literally means colour confusion due to
deficiency of mechanism to percieve colours.
• Itcan be classied into:
• Anamolous trichromacy
• Dichromacy
• Blue cone monochromatism.
• A . Anamolous trichromatic colour vision:
• Here, the mechanism to appreciate all the three primary colours are
present but are defective for one or two of them . It may be of
following types :
• Protanamalous: refers to defective red colour appreciation.
• Dueteranamalous: it means defective green colour appreciation.
• Tritanamalous: it implies defective blue colour appreciation
• B. Dichromatic colour vision
• In this condition , faculty to perceive one of the three primary colours
is completely absent.Such individual are called dichromates and may
have one of the following types of defects:
• Protanopia : complete red colour defect.
• Dueteranopia: complete defect for green colour.
• Tritanopia : absence of blue colour appreciation.
• Red green deficiency : Such a defect is a source of danger in certain
occupations such as drivers, sailors, and traffic police . Blue deficiency
is comparatively rare.
• C. Blue cone monochromatism.
• It is a condition of complete absence of red and green cone function.
It is characterised by:
Poor day vision but normal night vision,
• Colour vision severely limited,
• Reduced visual acuity ,
• Small amplitude nystagmus and photosensitivity.
• 2 Achromatopsia
• It is an extremely rare condition presenting as rod monochromatism.
• Rod monochromatism: may be complete or incomplete.
• Affecting both sexes equally. It is characterised by :
• Total colour blindness,
• Day blindness
• Nystagmus and fundus is usually normal.
B.ACQUIRED COLOUR BLINDNESS
• It may follow damage to macula or optic nerve, Usually,it is
associated with decreased visual acuity.
• Blue yellow impairment: is seen in retinal lesions such as CSR,
macular oedema.
• Red green deficiency: is seen in optic nerve lesions such as optic
neuritis.
• Acquired blue colour defect :May occurred in old age due to
increased sclerosis of the crystalline lens.
• Test for colour vision
• 1 Pseudoisochromatic charts : It is the most commonly
employed test using Ishihara’s plates . In this there are patterns of
coloured and grey dots which reveal one pattern to the normal
individuals and another to the colour deficients.
• It is quick method to screen red green defects .
• 2 Edridge-Green lantern test:
• In this test the subject has to name the various colours shown to
him by lantern and the judgement is made by the mistake he
mistakes.
• 3 Farnsworth- Munsell 100 hue test:
• It is a spectroscopic test in which subject has to arranged the
coloured chips in ascending order.
• The colour vision is judged by the error score, i.e. greater the score
poorer the colour vision . It is the most sensitive test for both
congenital and acquired colour vision defects. It consist of 85 hue
caps.
• 4 Farnsworth D15 hue discrimination test :
• It is similar test but utilizes only 15 hue caps.
• 5 City university colour vision test:
• It is also a spectroscopic test where a central coloured plate is to
be matched to its closest hue from for surroundings colour in esch
of 10 plates.
• 6 Nagel’s anomaloscope :
• In this test, the observer is asked to mix red and green colour in
such a proportion that the mixture should match the given yellow
colored disc.
• The judgement about the defect is made from the relative amount
of red and green colours and the brightness setting used by
observer.
• 7 Holmgren’s wools test :
• In this test, the subject is asked to make a series of colour matches
from a selection of skies of coloured wools.
• Note. Currently , there is no treatment for the colour blindness.
THANK YOU.

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NIGHT BLINDNESS

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