BIC 10303

ALGEBRA
Chapter 3a:
Matrices
ALGEBRA BIC 10303
 In this lecture…
3

MATRICES
1. Definition and notation
2. Algebra operation for matrices

3. Elementary row operation

4. Determinant (up to 4x4).

5. Inverse of matrices (up to 4x4).

6. Eigen value and eigen vector

3.1-3.2
Part 1
Definition and notation
Algebra operation for matrices
 3.1 Definition and notation
5

Definition A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. It is an ordered

set of numbers listed in rectangular form. Usually represented by capital
letters.
element in ith row, jth column
 a11 a12  a1n 
a a22  a2 n  Also written as A=aij
A   21  m rows
   aij 
a am 2  amn 
 m1
mn matrix  Order of the matrix

n columns

When m=n, A is called a square matrix, e.g. 3x3 matrix

 Definition and notation
6

 Given the table below:

Department Year
First year Second year Third year Forth year
Pharmacy 85 79 73 67
Medical 65 63 60 58
Dentistry 74 72 71 69

 We can arrange the numbers, without heading into rows and column, to
form an array which is called a matrix.
 Augmented and Coefficient Matrices
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 A matrix derived from a system of a linear equation

(each written in standard form) is the augmented
matrix of the system.

 The matric derived form the coefficients of the

system (and does not include constant term) is the
coefficient matrix.
 Example
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− 𝑥 +5 𝑦 =2
7 𝑥 − 2 𝑦=− 6 [ −1
7
5
−2 ] [ −1
7
5
−2
2
−6 ]

System Coefficient matrix Augmented Matrix

 Exercise
9

 Form the coefficient and augmented matrix.

𝑥+ 3 𝑦 =9
− 𝑦 + 4 𝑧=−2
x −5 𝑧 =0

 Form the system of linear equations.

 Types of Matrices
Square matrices
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 a11 a12  a1n 

a a2 n 
When m = n, i.e., A   21
a22
   
 
 an1 an 2 ann 

A is called a “square matrix of order n” or “n-square matrix”

elements a11, a22, a33,…, ann called diagonal elements.
n

 a
i 1
ii  a11  a22  ...  ann is called the trace of A.
 Types of Matrices
Equal matrices
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Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be

equal (A = B) iff each element of A is equal to the
corresponding element of B, i.e., aij = bij for 1  i  m,
1  j  n.
 1 0 a b 
Example: A  and B
 4 2  c d 
 
Given that A = B, find a, b, c and d.
if A = B, then a = 1, b = 0, c = -4 and d = 2.
 Types of Matrices
Zero matrices
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Every element of a matrix is zero, it is called a zero

matrix, i.e.,
0 0  0
0 0 0 
A 
  
 
 0 0 0 
 Types of Matrices
Upper Triangular matrices
13

A square matrix whose elements aij = 0, for i > j is

called upper triangular, i.e.,  a11 a12  a1n 
0 a22 a2 n 
   
 
0 0 ann 

Lower Triangular matrices

A square matrix whose elements aij = 0, for i < j is
called lower triangular, i.e.,  a11 0  0 
a a22 0 
 21
   
 
 an1 an 2 ann 
 Types of Matrices
Diagonal matrices
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Both upper and lower triangular, i.e., aij = 0, for i  j ,

i.e.,  a11 0  0 
0 a22 0 
D
   
 
0 0 ann 

is called a diagonal matrix, simply

D  diag[a11 , a22 ,..., ann ]
 Types of Matrices
Identity matrices
15

In particular, a11 = a22 = … = ann = 1, the matrix is

called identity matrix.
Properties: AI = IA = A
1 0 0 
1 0  0 1 0 
Examples of identity matrices, I: 0 1  and  
  0 0 1 
 Types of Matrices
Inverse matrices
16

If matrices A and B such that AB = BA = I, then B is

called the inverse of A (symbol: A-1); and A is called
the inverse of B (symbol: B-1). =I
1 2 3   6 2 3
Example: A  1 3 3  B   1 1 0 
1 2 4   1 0 1 

Show B is the inverse of matrix A.

1 0 0 
*Note that AB  BA  0 1 0 
0 0 1 
 Types of Matrices
Transpose matrices
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The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and

columns of a matrix A is called the transpose of A
(write AT).
1 2 3
Example: A 
 4 5 6  1 4
The transpose of A is AT   2 5 
 3 6 

For a matrix A = [aij], its transpose AT = [bij], where

bij = aji.
 Types of Matrices
Symmetric matrices
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A matrix A such that AT = A is called symmetric,

i.e., aji = aij for all i and j.

Example: 1 2 3  is symmetric.
A   2 4 5
 3 5 6 

Skew-symmetric matrices
A matrix A such that AT = -A is called skew symmetric,
i.e., aji = -aij for all i and j.
 1 0 0 
0 1 0 
Types of Matrices I=  
0 0 1 
Orthogonal matrices
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A matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT = ATA = I, i.e.,

AT = A-1
1/ 3 1/ 6 1/ 2 
 
Example: Prove that A  1/ 3 2 / 6 0  is orthogonal.
 
1/ 3 1/ 6 1/ 2 

 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 
 
Since, A   1/ 6
T
2 / 6 1/ 6. Hence, AAT = ATA = I.
 
 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 

We’ll see that orthogonal matrix represents a rotation in

fact!
 Properties of Matrices
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(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
(AT)T = A and (lA)T = l AT
(A + B)T = AT + BT
(AB)T = BT AT
 3.2 Algebra Operation for Matrices
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Matrix Addition and Subtraction

To add or subtract two matrices, we simply add
or subtract the corresponding elements.
Let A = aij , B = bij be mn matrices. Then:
A + B = aij + bij, and A - B = aij - bij

1  1 3 4  4 3 1  1 3 4   2  5
 3 4   1  4    4 0   3 4   1  4    2 8
           
2 0  2 3  4 3 2 0  2 3   0  3
 Scalar Multiplication
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Let l be any scalar and A = [aij] is an m  n matrix.

Then lA = [laij] for 1  i  m, 1  j  n,
i.e., each element in A is multiplied by l.
1 2 3 
Example: A . Evaluate 3A.
 0 1 4 

 3  1 3  2 3  3  3 6 9 
3A     
 3  0 3  1 3  4   0 3 12 

In particular, l = -1, i.e., -A = [-aij]. It is called the

negative of A. Note: A - A = 0 is a zero matrix
 Matrix Multiplication
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Let A be a mk matrix, and B be a kn matrix,

AB  [cij ]
k
cij   ait btj  ai1b1 j  ai 2b2 j  ...  aik bkj
t 1

b11 b12 b13 b14 

 a11 a12 a13  b   c11 c12 c13 c14 
a b b b 
 21 a22 a23   21 22 23 24  c21 c22 c23 c24 
b31 b32 b33 b34 

a11b12  a12b22  a13b32  c12

 Matrix Multiplication
Matching Dimensions
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To multiply two matrices, inner numbers must match:

Otherwise,
not defined.

23 34
24 matrix (Output)

have to be equal

b11 b12 b13 b14 

 a11 a12 a13  b   c11 c12 c13 c14 
a b22 b23 b24  
a23    c21 c22 c23 c24 
21
 21 a22
b31 b32 b33 b34 
23
34 24
 Example:
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 1 2 
1 2 3 
A , B   2 and
3  C = AB.
0 1 4 
 5 0 
Evaluate c21.
 1 2 
1 2 3   
0 1 4   2 3 c21  0  (1)  1 2  4  5  22

   5 0
 
 Exercise 1
1 2 3 2 3 0
26

If A and B .

0 1 4  1 2 5 

Evaluate A + B and A – B.

 1 2 
1 2 3 
If A , B   2 3.Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0 
 Exercise 2
27

Compute the following operations

Find :
a)
b)
28

Thank you.