Chapter3b Matrices 28ero - Determinant 29
Chapter3b Matrices 28ero - Determinant 29
ALGEBRA
Chapter 3b:
Matrices
ALGEBRA BIC 10303
In this lecture…
3
MATRICES
1. Definition and notation
2. Algebra operation for matrices
Original matrix, A = .
Do the following operations.
-2R1 + R3
Example
9
3 4 4 1 0 0
2 3 4 0 1 0
2 3 5 0 0 1
75
A I
r1 3 4 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
r2 2 3 4 0 1 0 -2r +r 0 1 4
1 2 2 3 0
2 3 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
r3
3 4 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
2 3 4 0 1 0 -4r3+r2 0 1 0 2 7 4
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
-r2+r3
-r2+r1 1 1 0 1 1 0 -r2+r1 1 0 0 3 8 4
2 3 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 7 4
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
10
A I
3 4 4 1 0 0
2 3 4 0 1 0
2 3 5 0 0 1
reduces to:
1 0 0 3 8 4
0 1 0 2 7 4
0 0 1 0 1 1
11
I A-1
Exercise
12
SQUARE MATRIX!!**
Cofactor of matrix A is
Example:
22
Solution:
The Determinant for a 3x3 matrix
23
1. Expansion by minors
2. Diagonal Method
The Determinant for a 3x3 matrix
Expansion by minors
24
a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2
a 2 b 2 c 2 a1 b1 c1
b3 c3 a 3 c3 a 3 b3
a 3 b3 c3
¿
Example:
25
1 2 3
Consider an example: A 4 5 6
7 8 9
1 2 3
4 5 1 2 1 2
A 4 5 6 3 6 9
7 8 7 8 4 5
7 8 9
3 3 6 6 9 3 0
* The right choice sometimes makes it a bit easier
to calculate determinants. e.g.
27
1 1 -2
A= 0 2 3
0 1 1
• Using the first row:
|A|=1x 2 3 - 1x 0 +3(-2) x 0 2
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 -2
A= 0 2 3
0 1 1
• However, using the first column:
|A|= 1x 2 3 - 0 + 0 = 1x(-1) = -1
1 1
The Determinant for a 3x3 matrix
Diagonal method
29
Consider an example:
Its determinant can be obtained by:
2 3 8 2 3
4. 6 7 1 6 7 Step 1
4 5 9 4 5
30
-224 +10 +162 = -52
Step 2
2 3 8 2 3
4. 6 7 1 6 7
4 5 9 4 5 Step 3
126 + 52
31 = 178
The Determinant for a 4x4 matrix
32
+ - + -
- + - +
+ - + -
- + - +
• Notice that if we think of the signs pattern as a
matrix, then it can be written as (-1)i+j
A general formula for determinants
33
For a nxn matrix A=(aij) the co-factors of A are defined by
Cij:= (-1)i+j|Mij|
Wor
k
for a s
n
• The determinant of A is given by the formula size y
m a t r of
n i c es
|A|= aC
i 1
ij ij for any j=1,2,...,n
• Or, n
|A|= j 1
aij Cij for any i=1,2,...,n
34
Or,
∑ (−1)𝑖+ 𝑗
|A|=
𝑖, 𝑗=1 aij Mij
Example of 4x4 determinant
35
|A|= 𝑖,∑
𝑖+ 𝑗
(−1)
𝑗=1
aij Mij
36
4
n=4 because A is 4x4 matrix
|A|=∑ (−1) ai1 Mi1
𝑖+ 𝑗
𝑖, 𝑗=1
=
= Minors are
determinants of
submatrices of
Calculate minors
A!
| |
−1 1 4 2
2 −1 2 5
| |
𝑀 11= −1 2 5
1 2 3 4
3 4 1 2 𝑀 11= 2 3 4 =?
4 1 2
+ - +
| |
−1 2 5
𝑀 11= 2
4
3
1
4 =− 1 ∙
2
|
3
−1
4
2 | |
−2 ∙
2
4
4
2| |
+5 ∙
2
4
3
|
−1
=
= 56 – 60 +83 -105
= -26
∴| 𝐴|=−26
37
Exercise:
Find the determinant for the following by using expansion
of minor then check your answer by diagonal method.
( )
1 1 2
3 4 −7
6 8 2
38
39
Exercise:
Find the determinant for the following by using expansion
of minor.
A
40
41
Thank you!
42