Chapter 2
Properties of Pure Substances
Chapter Learning Outcomes
The student should be able to:
• Define saturated liquid, saturated vapor, saturated liquid-vapor mixture,
compressed liquid, superheated vapor, critical points, and triple point.
• Sketch a P-v, T-v, and P-T diagrams and identify the phase regions of
pure substances on the diagrams.
• Obtain thermodynamic properties of pure substances from property tables.
• Show the state of pure substance on a P-v and T-v diagram with respect
to saturation lines.
• Show the isobaric, isochoric and isothermal processes on a P-v and T-v
diagram with respect to saturation lines.
• Solve problems related to properties and processes of pure substance
Contents
2.1 Pure substance
2.2 Equilibrium phases of pure substance
2.3 Phase change processes of pure substance
2.4 Property diagrams for phase change processes
2.5 Property tables
2.6 The ideal gas equation of state
2.1 Pure Substance
Pure substance - A substance that has a fixed chemical
composition throughout
Examples of pure substances:
1. Water (solid, liquid, and vapor phases)
2. Mixture of liquid water and water vapor
3. CO2
4. N2
5. Mixtures of gases, such as air, as long as there is no
change of phase
6. He
Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is considered to be a
pure substance.
Nitrogen and gaseous air are pure substances.
A mixture of liquid and gaseous water is a pure substance, but a mixture of
liquid and gaseous air is not no longer chemically homogeneous.
2.2 Equilibrium phases of pure substance
Phase is identified as having a distinct molecular arrangement that is
homogeneous throughout and separated from the others by easily
identifiable boundary surfaces.
The arrangement of atoms in different phases:
(a) solid phase - molecules are at relatively fixed positions
(b) liquid phase - groups of molecules move about each other in the
molecules
(c) gas phase - move about at random
Equilibrium phases of pure substance
Phase equilibrium: If a system involves two phases
and when the mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level and stays there.
State Postulate
The state postulate for a simple, pure substance
states that the equilibrium state can be determined
by specifying any two independent intensive
properties.
Recall – intensive
properties: T , P
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2.3 Phase-change processes of pure
substance
Saturated vapor
Saturated liquid
- Water exists in - Water exists as a - As more heat is - At 1 atm - As more heat is
the liquid phase liquid that is ready transferred, part of pressure, the transferred, the
- compressed to vaporize the saturated liquid temperature temperature of
liquid or - saturated liquid: vaporizes remains constant the vapor starts
subcooled liquid: A liquid that is -saturated liquid- at 100°C until the to rise
A substance that about to vaporize.. vapor mixture last drop of liquid - superheated
it is not about to is vaporized vapor
vaporize. - saturated vapor
If the entire process between state 1 and 5 described in the
figure is reversed by cooling the water (maintain the pressure
at the same value), the water will go back to state 1, retracing
the same path, and in so doing, the amount of heat released
(during the cooling process) will exactly match the amount of
heat added during the heating process.
T-v diagram for the
heating process of water
at constant pressure
Saturation temperature and saturation pressure
• Saturation temperature Tsat: The temperature at which a
pure substance changes phase at a given pressure.
• Saturation pressure Psat: The pressure at which a pure
substance changes phase at a given temperature.
Example: For water (pure substance)
At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, Tsat is 99.97°C.
At a temperature of 99.97°C, Psat is 101.325 kPa.
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• The temperature at which water starts boiling depends on the
pressure; therefore, if the pressure is fixed so is the boiling
temperature
• Water boils at 100C at 1 atm pressure.
The liquid-vapor saturation curve of a pure substance
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(water). Cengel 9th Ed pg 114 11
Example 2.1
Determine the saturation pressure, Psat for water at
temperature of
i) 25°C
ii) 225°C.
Determine the saturation temperature, Tsat for water at
pressure of
iii)1.23 kPa
iv)500 kPa.
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A househusband is cooking beef stew for his family
in a pan that is
a) Uncovered
b) Covered with light lid
c) Covered with heavy lid
For which case will the cooking time be the shortest?
Why?
Latent heat: The amount of energy absorbed or
released during a phase-change process.
Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporization
The amount of energy absorbed The amount of energy absorbed
during melting (equivalent to during vaporization (equivalent
the amount of energy released to the energy released during
during freezing). condensation)
Solid-Liquid Liquid-Gas
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The magnitudes of the latent heats depend on the
temperature or pressure at which the phase change
occurs.
At 1 atm pressure, the latent heat of fusion of water
is 333.7 kJ/kg and the latent heat of vaporization is
2256.5 kJ/kg.
-------------------------
Effect of height
Atmospheric pressure and
boiling temperature of
water decrease with
increases of elevation.
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2.4 Property diagrams of phase
change processes
The variations of properties during phase-change
processes are best studied using property diagrams for
pure substances.
T-v P-T
Diagram Diagram
P-v
Diagram
The T-v Diagram
Critical point: The point at
which the saturated liquid
and saturated vapor
states are identical
Table A.1 for
critical point
Tcr, Pcp, vcp.
T-v diagram of constant-pressure phase-change processes of water (pure
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substance) at various pressures. Cengel 9th Ed pg 117.
At supercritical
pressures (P >
Pcr), there is no a
distinct phase-
change process.
Critical point: The
point at which the
saturated liquid and
saturated vapor
states are identical
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20
The P-v Diagram
The pressure in a piston-cylinder
device can be reduced by
reducing the weight of the
piston.
P-v diagram of a pure substance. 21
Extending the For water,
Diagrams to Include Ttp = 0.01°C
Ptp = 0.6117 kPa
the Solid Phase
At triple-point
pressure and
temperature, a
substance exists in
three phases in
equilibrium.
P-v diagram of a substance
that contracts on freezing.
P-v diagram of a substance that
expands on freezing (such as 22
water).
The P-T Diagram
Phase Diagram
23
P > Ptp: Melting -> Evaporation
P < Ptp: Sublimation (Evaporation directly without melting first)
P > Ptp
Sublimation
P < Ptp
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