Scribd
Upload
40 views20 pages

Chapter 3 - 3.1

The document discusses gas flow behavior in pipes. It covers key topics like flow regimes (laminar vs. turbulent), viscosity, friction effects, and the development of equations to model pressure loss due to flow. The Reynolds number equation is modified for compressible gas flow using concepts like mass flow rate and specific gravity. Friction factors are introduced to account for energy losses from pipe wall friction in the pressure loss equations.

Uploaded by

Rie Usun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views20 pages

Chapter 3 - 3.1

The document discusses gas flow behavior in pipes. It covers key topics like flow regimes (laminar vs. turbulent), viscosity, friction effects, and the development of equations to model pressure loss due to flow. The Reynolds number equation is modified for compressible gas flow using concepts like mass flow rate and specific gravity. Friction factors are introduced to account for energy losses from pipe wall friction in the pressure loss equations.

Uploaded by

Rie Usun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

KG42703

TRANSPOR CHAPTER

T AND 3 HYDRAULIC
SYSTEM
STORAGE

Prepared by Dr. Suhadat


LEARNING OUTCOMES
• AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE
TO;

• 1. IDENTIFY FLOW REGIME AND ITS BEHAVIOR


• 2. APPLY ON GAS FLOW EQUATION FOR HIGH AND
LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM
• 3. APPLY NETWORK ANALYSIS ON NETWORK
ANALYSIS FOR MODELING OF GAS DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM IN SIMULATING FLOW AND PRESSURE
CONDITION
• 4. UNDERSTAND ON FLOW REGULATION AND
MEASUREMENT INVOLVED
3.1 Flow Regime and Behavior
• Flowing pressure in uniform internal pipe diameter will slowly decrease in a flow direction –
pressure loss

• The magnitude of the pressure reduction are based on a few factors as shown in experiment
below:

Experiment diagram characterization


 Horizontal pipe with uniform diameter
 Gas flowing in an arrow direction
 Four pressure gauges are attached at A, B, C and D
 Gas flowing when valve E is open
 Pressure regulator used to control supply pressure at 20 mbarg
1

2
3
4
5

length
• Experiment:

1. If valve E closed – no gas flow and pressure read by the all gauges is
similar which is 20 mbag

2. If valve E opened – gas flow and pressure drop occur at 2 mbarg/8 meter
length (normal working pressure)

3. If gas changed with higher SG – pressure drop is higher than before

4. If pipe changed with higher roughness – pressure drop is higher than before

5/6. If the gas quantity increased by 40% - drop of pressure increase in double (working
pressure with increase quantity)

*If pipe diameter decreased (similar discharge) by 30% in between A and B


– drop of pressure increase in 4 times but after point B it will back as previous
rate of drop
 Observation;

 The finding from the observation is applied in the designing of gas pipe networking -the
possibility of maintaining the pipe diameter to sustain the pressure level especially during
peak time (maximum load)
 Basic Gas Flow Behavior

• Elaboration of basic flow parameters prior to derivation of


General Gas Flow Equation
• Basic flow parameters:
a. Viscosity
b. Flow behavior
c. Friction effect
d. Types of flow
e. The evaluation of friction energy loss
a) Gas Viscosity
• Define as a flow resistant properties
• The more higher viscosity of fluid will experience of
higher resistant to the flow and vice versa

• The viscosity of gas at room temperature is


too small if compared with others liquid for
example;
Water viscosity at room temperature
is 100 times higher than viscosity of
natural gas

• The viscosity of liquids decreases rapidly with an


increase in temperature, and the viscosity of gases
increases with an increase in temperature. Thus,
upon heating, liquids flow more easily, whereas
gases flow more sluggishly.
b) Flow Behaviour
• The systematic investigation on type of flow (flow regime) has been conducted by
Osborne Reynolds in 1888

• Introduce a dyne in a stream in a glass tube then he observed on the colour


movement at the downstream of the injection point

• The observation:
At low velocity: Fluid elements move in parallel manner (figure(a)) laminar
At high velocity: Fluid elements becomes not in order (figure (b)) - turbulence

a) Laminar b) Turbulence

• Flow in gas transmission and distribution: mostly turbulence


• Two category of turbulence flow

1. Partial Turbulence Flow


The movement of fluid elements is not in order and a sub-layer not touching pipe wall

2. Fully Develop Turbulance (favour to significant pressure drop)


Sub-layer become tiny and even touching pipe wall – due to higher flow rate
c) Friction Effect

• Fluid flow in conduit will be disturbed due to friction at conduit wall and fluid
elements.

• Generally the average velocity of elements at conduit wall in a direction of


flow is zero and maximum at the center.

Velocity

Pipe Diameter

- As previously discussed, gas viscosity play an important role in creating


resistance to the flow and velocity profile
d) Flow Regime
• Osborne Reynolds define a flow regime based on Reynolds Number
• The dimensionless Reynolds number plays a prominent role in foreseeing the patterns
in a fluid’s behavior.
• The Reynolds number, referred to as Re, is used to determine whether the fluid flow is
laminar or turbulent. It is one of the main controlling parameters in all viscous flows
where a numerical model is selected according to pre-calculated Reynolds number
• High Re will lead to turbulence flow, thus produce higher pressure drop

Re = Reynolds Number
d = Pipe internal diameter
V = Average flow velocity
 = Fluid density
 = Fluid dynamic viscosity
 = Fluid kinematic viscosity
• In gas flow or system:

 Velocity and density is depending on pressure (not like liquid)


 Gas volume is measured at standard conditions since it’s a compressible
fluid
 Standard conditions;
Temperature T = 15 Celsius
Pressure P = 1.013 bar

• Reynolds Number need to be modified into standard conditions by applying


mass flow rate concept (mass constant) . Based on continuity equation (the
transport of some quantity, V1A1=V2A2)
Mass Flowrate,

M  V A ρ  Vs A s ρs
s s
Substitute the above equation into
Reynolds Numbers expression becomes

Reynolds Number also can be express


in term flow rate then becomes

Can be simplified by introduction of


specific gravity S term;

Substitute with the specific gravity term


becomes; 4
p
The equation of Reynolds Number in gas industry

= Pa.s

Flow type Reynolds


Number Range
Laminar regime up to Re=2300
Transition regime 2300<Re<4000
Turbulent regime Re>4000
e) Evaluation of Friction Energy Loss

• Whenever gas flow in pipe there are combination effect of friction at the pipe wall
and fluid molecules then will create changes on energy form

Compression Energy ------> Kinetic Energy----------> Heat Energy-------


-------> Loss from gas stream to soil through pipe wall

• The amount of friction in fluid is depending to viscosity of the fluid

• Generally, the derivation of general gas flow equation must be correlated with the
drop of pressure due to flow variables and gas properties – to consider the
evaluation of friction energy loss

• By experiment:
The energy loss in uniform flow is proportional to kinetic energy of fluid and
perimeter of wetted conduit and inversely proportional to area of conduit
• By mathematics;

and if

Substitute the term into the previous equation becomes;


• To remove proportional sign to equal sign then a constant f (friction factor) introduced and
the equation becomes;

• There are 2 types of friction factors which are;


1. Fanning friction factor, f

2. Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, fD

• Friction factor is one of the engineering factor and the value must be evaluated in line with
flow condition to satisfy the equation derived.

• The friction factor is not a constant value and must be thoroughly evaluated by
laboratory experiment or field data analysis
 Flow in Conduit or Pipe
1) Total Energy Head
• Euler has derived the total energy contain by motion fluid and its called Euler Equation (a
relation between the velocity, pressure, and density of a moving fluid)
• If the density of fluid is assume not depending to pressure then;
Bernoulli's Equation
= Constant The integration of the equation gives
Bernoulli's equation in the form of energy
per unit weight of the following fluid

• In moving fluid there is a loss due to friction (highlighted in friction head losshf) then;
1
1

• If the pipe is horizontal and uniform cross sectional area then

hf (P1  P2 )
  g
2) Friction Head Loss
• Weisbach has produced resistance equation by introducing dimensionless
coefficient to derive energy loss in moving fluid
• The expression then combined with the Darcy finding and becomes;

• The material the pipe is


made from - a rougher
inner pipe surface will
• Fanning also published his finding on friction head result in a greater friction
loss (quite similar with Darcy-Weisbach); loss.
• The velocity of the liquid
through the pipe - the
higher the velocity, the
greater the effect of
friction on the liquid.

You might also like