18EE72 Power System Protection

Module 2

Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protection

Combined Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protective

Scheme
 Phase Fault Protective Scheme
Directional Earth Fault Relay
Static Over current Relays
Numerical Over current Relays
Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protection
Combined Earth Fault and Phase Fault
Protective Scheme
Static Relays

Static Over current Relays

•The output of this summation C.T is fed to an auxiliary C.T.
whose output is rectified, smoothened and applied to the
measuring unit called level detector.
(a) When the input current to the level detector is less
than the
threshold value or set value, the output of the level
detector is
zero.
For the over current relay,
If Iinput < Ithershold, Iout =0
If Iinput ≥ Ithershold, Iout =
positive quantity
(b) The output of the level
detector is amplified
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Instituteapplied
of Technology to the Department of EEE

output device to cause

Static Relays

Static over current relays

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Static Relays

Static instantaneous over current relay

• The current derived from the main C.T. is fed to the input
transformer which gives a proportional output voltage.

• The input transformer has an air gap in the iron core to give
linearity in the current/voltage relationship up to highest value
of current expected, and is provided with tappings on its
secondary winding to obtain different current settings.
• The output voltage of the transformer is rectified through a
rectifier and then filtered at a single stage to avoid undesirable
time delay in filtering so as to ensure high speed of operation.
• A limiter made of a zener diode is also incorporated in the
circuit to limit the rectified voltage to safe values even when
the input current is very high under fault conditions.
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Static Relays

• A fixed portion of the rectified and filtered voltage through a

potential divider is compared against a pre-set pick up value by
a level detector and if it exceeds the pick up value, a signal
through an amplifier is given to the output device which issues
the trip signal.

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 Static Relays

Definite time over current relay

• The operating time of over current relay is constant, irrespective of

the level of the fault current.
• The input current signal derived from the main C.T. is converted to
a proportional voltage signal by the input transformer and then
rectified, filtered and compared with the pre-set threshold value of
the level detector.
• If the voltage exceeds the pre-set threshold value the level detector
gives an output voltage, there by the charging of the capacitor ‘C’
of the RC timing circuit starts.
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Static Relays

• As soon as the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the pre-set

threshold value (VT) of level detector ‘2’ a signal through the
amplifier is given to output device which issues the trip signal.
• Potentiometers P1 and P2 is used for current setting and time
setting respectively.

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 Static Relays

Inverse-Time over current relay

• Under normal conditions, when the input current is low, switch S1

is ON, short circuiting the capacitor C of the RC tunning circuit
and switch S2 is OFF.
• As soon as the input voltage exceeds the pre-set reference voltage
of the level detector A.
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Static Relays

• Switch S1 is switched off and switch S2 is switched ON and the

charging of capacitor C of the timing circuit starts from a
voltage proportional to the current.
• Switch S1 and S2 are made of static components. When the
voltage across the capacitor C of the timing circuit exceeds the
reference voltage of the level detector ‘B’ as set by
potentiometer Pz.
• Finally the output device issues the trip signal. Here the plus
setting multiplier is given by the transformer secondary tap
and potentiometer Px and the time multiplier setting is
determined by potentiometer Py and Pz.

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Static Relays

Directional Static over current relay

• The directional relay is nothing but a differential power relay
which operates when the power in the circuit flows in a
particular direction. Thus it requires to sense the system voltage
as well as the system current.

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Static Relays

• The input A is proportional to the system current supplied to a

directional unit through auxiliary transformer.
• The input B is proportional to the system voltage, supplied to a
directional unit through phase shifter.
• The phase comparator compares the phase angle between the
two points.
• The phase comparator is generally two types
(i) Hall effect generator which is popularly used in Russian
countries.
(ii) Rectifier bridge type comparator

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 Static Relays

Static differential relay

• In this relay the two similar input quantities (I or V) are compared.
The comparator is usually a rectifier bridge rectifier. The
differential relay measures the vector difference between two
similar electrical quantities say V or I.

• Static differential relay is mostly applied in protection of

generation and transformers against any type of internal fault
similar to that of electromagnetic type differential relay.
• It is very compact, highly sensitive, high stability, low power
consumption lower VA burden.
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Static Relays

Static distance relay

• In the distance relay, the operation is dependent on the ratio of
the and current, which is expressed
voltage in when terms
operates of V/I
the ratio
impedance is The
impedance. less than a predetermined
relay i.e., value.

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Static Relays

• The measurement of impedance, reactance, and admittance are

done by comparison of input current and voltage. In static
comparators the two input quantities are either V or I.
• Current is converted to equivalent voltage by producing a
voltage drop in impedance with in the relay.
• This voltage drop is then compared with the other voltage.
• The output from the comparator is fed into a polarity detector
where, when the input currents to the comparator are 90 apart,
the output device will be turned on for +90 and turned -90 and
hence the output wave will be a square wave with equal space
ratios.
• Static distance relay are used extremely for protection of
medium and long transmission lines, parallel feeders and unit
back up protections as well as interconnected lines.
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Numerical Over current Relays
Static Relays

Reference:
• V.Thiyagarajan, “ Protection and
Switchgear”, Lakshmi Publications,2018.
• B.Rabindranath and N.Chander, ‘Power System
Protection and Switchgear’, New Age
International (P) Ltd., First Edition 2011.

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