University Institute of Computing

Bachelor of Computer Applications

Computer Networks
22CAT-212/22CAT-232/22SCT-212

Data and Signals DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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 Syllabus of Computer Networks
Unit-1 Data communications concepts Lectures Hours:15
Chapter 1.1 Introduction to Computer Networks and its components, Digital and Analog signals: Attenuation, distortion, noise,
throughput, propagation speed and time, wavelength, Parallel and Serial communication, Synchronous and Asynchronous
communication, Simplex, Half-duplex, Full duplex
Chapter 1.2 Multiplexing: FDM, WDM, TDM. IP Addressing: Classful Addressing
Chapter 1.3 Guided and unguided, Guided Media: Telephone lines, leased lines, switch line, coaxial cables-base band, broadband, optical
fiber transmission
Unit-2 Data Transmission Lectures Hours:15
Chapter 2.1 Unguided Media: Microwave transmission, infrared transmission, laser transmission, radio transmission, and satellite
transmission.
Comparison of media.

Chapter 2.2 Network topologies, Communication switching techniques- Circuit switching, message switching, packet switching.
Chapter 2.3 OSI references model, TCP/IP reference model, comparison of OSI and TCI reference model.
Unit-3 TCP/IP and OSI Model Layer Lectures Hours:15
Chapter 3.1 Data link layer- Services provided to the network layer, framing, error control, flow control HDLC, SDLC, (SLIP, PPP).
Chapter 3.2 Network-Layer- Routing algorithms, Congestion control Algorithms, Internetworking.
Chapter 3.3 Application Layer- DNS, E-mail, World Wide Web, HTTP, Multimedia.
Network Security- Basic concepts.

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 Books
Text Books

Sr No Title Author Publisher Name

1 Data Communication & Forouzan McGraw-Hill Education

Networking

2 Computer Networks Andrew S. Tanenbaum PHI

3 Data & Computer Stallings PHI

Communications

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 Agenda

• Signals
• Digital Signals
• Properties of digital signals
• Baseband and broadband transmission

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 Digital Signals

The information can also be represented by a digital signal.

For example, a 1 can be encoded as a positive voltage and a 0 as zero voltage. A

digital signal can have more than two levels. In this case, we can send more than 1
bit for each level.

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 Two digital signals: one with two signal
levels and the other with four signal levels

07/12/2023 Fig 1: Two Digital Signals [1] 6

 Example

A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are needed per level? We calculate
the number of bits from the formula

Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.

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 Example
A digital signal has nine levels. How many bits are needed per level? We calculate
the number of bits by using the formula.
Number of bits per level =log2 N
where N-number of levels

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 Example
A digital signal has nine levels. How many bits are needed per level? We calculate
the number of bits by using the formula.

Each signal level is represented by 3.17 bits.

However, this answer is not realistic. The number of bits sent per level needs to be
an integer as well as a power of 2. For this example, 4 bits can represent one level.

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 Properties of Digital Signals

• Bit Rate: The bit rate is the number of bits sent in 1 second.

• Bit Length: The bit length is the distance one bit occupies on the transmission
medium.
Bit length= Propagation Speed*bit duration

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 Digital Signals as Composite
Signals
Based on Fourier analysis, a digital signal is a composite analog signal. The
bandwidth is infinite, as you may have guessed.

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 The Time and Frequency domains of
periodic and non-periodic digital signals

07/12/2023 Fig 2: Time and Frequency [1] 12

 Poll
Wavelength is a property of digital signal.

True
False

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 Transmission of Digital Signals

A digital signal is a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth.

1. Baseband transmission
2. Broadband transmission

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 Baseband Transmission

Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital
signal is possible only if we have a low-pass channel with an infinite or very
wide bandwidth.

07/12/2023 Fig 3: Baseband transmission [1] 15

 Poll
Bit length can be calculated as

Bit Length= Propagation Speed*bit duration

True
False

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 Broadband Transmission
Broadband transmission or modulation means changing the digital
signal to an analog signal for transmission. Modulation allows us to use
a bandpass channel--a channel with a bandwidth that does not start
from zero.
If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send the
digital signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital
signal to an analog signal before transmission.

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 Poll
The interface between an analog signal and a digital processor is
a. D/A converter
b. A/D converter
c. Modulator
d. Demodulator

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 References

[1]http://eti2506.elimu.net/Introduction/Books/Data%20Communications%20and
%20Networking%20By%20Behrouz%20A.Forouzan.pdf

[2]Computer Networks, ANDREW S. TANENBAUM(PHI)

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 THANK YOU

For Queries:
Surbhi Tyagi
Email: [email protected]

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