Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Structural Engineering

Thesis for Master of Science Degree in

Structural Engineering

Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end

beams with different reinforcement details
‫دراسة عن السلوك الانشائي لنهايات الكمرات الخرسانية مسبقة الصب ذات العمق‬
‫المخفض باستخدام تفاصيل حديد مختلفة‬
 Review panel:

Prof. Dr. Ayman Hussain

Professor of reinforcement concrete, department

of structural engineering, Ain Shams University

Presented By
Osman Mohammed Ezzat
Prof. Dr. Ashraf Biddah
Professor of reinforcement concrete, department

of structural engineering, Ain Shams University

Dr. Ayman Abo Beah

Associated Professor of reinforcement concrete, department

of structural engineering, Ain Shams University

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Outline
Introduction.
Research Objectives.
literature review.
Experimental Works.
Experimental Results.
Numerical Simulations (Finite Element Analysis).
Numerical Results.
Comparison Between Experimental And Analytical Results.
Conclusions and recommendations.

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Introduction
• Reinforced concrete dapped-end beams are mainly Nib

used for precast element construction.

• Frequently, the end supports of precast beams are Dap
required to be dapped such that the bottom of
concrete beams is leveled with the bottom of the
supporting element .
dapped-end reinforcement details provides an
adequate strength, undesirable cracks are often
observed whether during service life or the cracks
might appear earlier before element at its final
position due to poor design or uncontrolled
construction practices.
Structural Problems of Dapped-End
1. Cracking propagation
2. High Bearing Stresses
Nib
3. Constructability
Nib
Dap
Dap

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Dapped End Crack Dapped Ends Reinforcement scheme
PCI Design Handbook
Propagation
• The current design approach based on the equilibrium of Vertical Shear Shear Friction
forces acting across potential failure planes and Reinforcement, Av Reinforcement, A
h
conservatively treats the dapped-end details as reinforced
concrete inverted corbel details.

The potential failure modes are as follows:

2. Direct shear at the junction of the dap and the main

body of the component. Vertical crack shown as crack 2
Provide shear-friction reinforcement composed of and ,
plus axial tension reinforcement .
Re-entrant
3. Diagonal tension emanating from the reentrant corner.
corner
shown as crack 3
Provide shear reinforcement .
4. Diagonal tension in the extended end. shown as crack Hanger Flexure
4 Reinforcement, Ash Reinforcement, A
Provide shear reinforcement composed of and . s
5. Diagonal tension in the undapped portion. shown as
crack 5
This is resisted by providing a full development length for
beyond the potential crack.

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Research objectives:
1. To study the behavior of dapped end beams with different
As –Tension RFT
Reinforcement detailing.
Ash –Stirrup hanger
2. To investigate the proper tension reinforcement details & Ah- Shear Friction RFT
Anchorage. Steel plates for tension
3. To check the design requirements and reinforcement details in RFT Anchorage
PCI design handbook
4. To compare the experimental results with FEM

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Literature review
Design and Behavior of Dapped-End Beams
• Alan H. Mattock Prof. of Civil Engineering
University of Washington Seattle
• Timothy C. Chan Former Graduate Student
University of Washington Seattle
• PCI JOURNAL/November-December1979

Results
1. The dapped end designed as a corbel.
2. Closed stirrups should be placed close to the
end of the full-depth beam and must be
positively anchored at both top and bottom.
3. Sufficient reinforcement must satisfy
moment and force equilibrium requirements
4. The main nib reinforcement, , should be
provided with a positive anchorage and
extend into the beam beyond the re-entrant
corner to develop its yield strength
5. The horizontal stirrups of area, , in the nib
should be positively anchored near the
beam’s end face and as 1978 PCI Design
Handbook, the effective length should
extend beyond the re-entrant corner a
distance of 1.7 .

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Literature review
Strength Enhancement of Prestressed Concrete Dapped-End
Girders

-Dr.Shatha Dhia Mohammed Lecturer & Dr. Thamer Khudair

Mahmoud
-Volume 21 October 2015 Journal of Engineering

Results
• A similar crack pattern in all specimens was detected. Cracks
started with the initiation of diagonal re-entrant crack, followed
by nib inclined crack and diagonal tension crack (developed in
the full-depth of the girder).
• The dapped-end reinforcement designed according to the (PCI
2004) is conservative since the experimental ultimate load was
over estimated that of the PCI by about (23.5%).
• The overestimation in the failure load as calculated by the finite
element analysis was (4-11)%.

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Literature review
Dapped ends of prestressed concrete thin-stemmed members
• Amir W. Boutros(PHD),
• Supervision: Prof. Gary J. Klein, Prof. Sami H. Rizkalla Z-Shaped Inclined L
• PCI Journal | March–April 2017
experimental program conducted to identify the most effective
reinforcement schemes

- The experimental results indicate that the extent of cracking at

service load, the ultimate strength, and the failure mode are Vertical L C-Shaped
influenced by the reinforcement arrangement at the dapped end.

- Several modified design practices for dapped double tees are

recommended, whilst the recommendations cracking control in
the end region are discussed.

Test Setup

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Dapped End
Structural Problems of Dapped End

• Stress concentration / Cracking Propagation

Recess results in severe stress concentration at

the re-entrant corner

• RFT details / Constructability

Reinforcement details of Dapped End Beams

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Research Program: Parametric Study
1. Review of previous studies relevant to the (Reinforcement scheme)
research topic.

2. Explains the experimental work for RC beam 1. Hanger Reinforcement, Ash Dapped
specimens. Includes the characteristics of the used 2. Shear Friction Reinforcement, Ah End
materials, the design method of the concrete mixes 3. Flexural Reinforcement, As Reinfor
and procedure used in casting. Curing all testing 4. Flexural Reinforcement’s Anchorage cement
procedures and used equipment.

3. Analysis of experimental results of testing of all

specimens to explore the influence of different
reinforcement parameters

4.The behavior of testing reinforced concrete beam

will be simulated by conducting a nonlinear analysis
using the finite element package ANSYS.

5. Comparative study between the experimental

work test results and analytical results.

6. A conclusion and recommendations related to

the reinforcement DETAILS EFFECT on the behavior
of reinforcement concrete dapped-end beam.

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 EXPERIMENTAL WORKS:-
Specimens : Sample 1 (L & R), Sample 2 (L & R), Sample 3 (L & R) &
Sample 4 (L & R).

Cross-section : All specimens were provided with the same identical cross
section, all beams are 2000 mm long, 200 mm width and
400 mm total depth, and 200mm dapped portion
The reinforcement : All specimens were provided with different amount of
Dapped end reinforcement ( ).

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with different reinforcement details”
PARAMETRIC STUDY-REINFORCEMENT SCHEME

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Dapped Ends Reinforcement scheme PCI Handbook 7th Edition

Nib Shear Friction

Nib Vertical Shear Reinforcement, Ah
Reinforcement, Av

Nib Flexure
Reinforcement, As

Hanger
Reinforcement, Ash

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Description Of The Tested Specimens
𝐴𝑆 (Main RFT) 𝐴𝑆 h ( Vertical Bars) 𝐴𝑣 𝐴h
Dapped-
Beam end No.
RFT Description RFT Description RFT RFT

Inclined U bar with 2T10 closed

1L 2T10 1T16 L Bar 1T10 U-bar
proper anchorage stirrups
Sample
closed stirrups
1 Inclined U bar with 2T10 closed
1R 2T10 1T12+1T10 with spacing -
Practical anchorage stirrups
50mm
2T10 closed
2L 4T10 welded to steel plate 2T16 C shaped bars 1T10 U-bar
stirrups
Sample
closed stirrups
2 2T10 closed
2R 4T10 welded to steel plate 1T12+1T10 with spacing 1T10 U-bar
stirrups
50mm
U bars with
development length closed stirrups 2T10 closed
3L 2T16 1T10 2T10 U-Bars
beyond crack no 5 (0.5 Ash) stirrups
Sample (2 As)
3
closed stirrups
2T10 closed
3R 1T10 U bars (0.5 As) 2T16 with spacing 1T10 U-bar
stirrups
50mm (2 Ash)

2T10 closed
4L 2T10 U bars 2T16 L Bar 1T10 U-Bars
stirrups
Sample
Inclined U bar with closed stirrups
4 2T10 closed
4R 2T10 welded steel plate 1T12+1T10 with spacing -
stirrups
for anchorage 50mm
𝐴𝑆–Nib Flexure Reinforcement 𝐴 h- Shear Friction Reinforcement
𝐴𝑆 h–Hanger Reinforcement Steel plates for tension RFT Anchorage Av = area of diagonal tension reinforcement

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Sample 1L Sample 1R
RFT Scheme of Sample 1
Inclined As with proper anchorage Inclined As with proper anchorage

Sample-2L Sample-2R
PCI RFT DETAIL-Control 1 RFT Scheme of Sample 2-CONTROL
PCI RFT DETAIL-Control 2

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Sample 3L Ash Reduced50 % Sample 3R
As Increased 100 % RFT Scheme of Sample 3 As Reduced 50 %
Ash Increased 100 %

Sample 4R
Sample 4L
RFT Scheme of Sample 4 Inclined As with welded plate
Normal/Factory practice

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Strain Gauges Arrangement

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Fabrication of Molds & placement
of reinforcement

• Using steel molds and placing proper

oil to easily remove the beam

• Placing of Reinforcement bars with

adjustment of the strain gauges wire and
concrete cover

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Beam after removing from
Beam after casting mold

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Test Setup
AUD Test Lab

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Test Setup
Hydraulic

LVDT
Load cell

LVDT

Roller
support

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Experimental Results

Sample 1L Sample 1R
Beam failed at load 485kn Beam failed at load 427kn
As yield at 335kn 70% of ultimate load As yield at 293kn 68% of ultimate load
Ash yield at 435kn 89% of ultimate load Ash not yielded
Maximum deflection 17.34mm Maximum deflection 8.78mm

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Experimental Results

Sample 2L-control 1 Sample 2R-control 2

Beam failed at load 375kn Beam failed at load 408kn
As yield at 310kn 82% of ultimate load As yield at 360kn 88% of ultimate load
Ash yield at 266kn 71% of ultimate load Ash yield at 160kn 39% of ultimate load
Maximum deflection 8.79mm Maximum deflection 13.13mm

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Sample 3L Sample 3R
Beam failed at load 383kn Beam failed at load 252kn
As yield at 288kn 75% of ultimate load As yield at 150kn 60% of ultimate load
Ash yield at 205kn 53% of ultimate load Ash Not yielded
Maximum deflection 13. 47mm Maximum deflection 13.08mm

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Sample 4L Sample 4R
Beam failed at load 304kn Beam failed at load 625kn
As yield at 285kn 94% of ultimate load As Not yielded
Ash Not yielded Ash yield at 502kn 80% of ultimate load
Maximum deflection 10.67mm Maximum deflection 18.86mm

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Deflection comparison for all specimens

Deflection 1R Deflection 1L Deflection 2L Deflection 2R Deflection 3L Deflection 3R Deflection 4L Deflection 4R

700.00

S-4R
600.00

500.00
S-1R

400.00 S-2
R
LOADS

S-
1L

300.00
S-2 S-3
L L
S-
4L S-3R
200.00

Best Sample 4R
100.00
Worst Sample 3R
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
DEFLECTION, mm

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Strain comparison for all specimens –Tension rebars As

Strain 1L Strain 1R Strain 2L Strain 2R Strain 3L Strain 3R Strain 4L Strain 4R

1
S
2
-
R
L
3
S
2
-
R
S
4
R
Strain As
600.00

500.00

400.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

0.00
0.00 500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 5500.00

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Reinforcement Results schedule
As (Main RFT) Ash ( Vertical Bars) Ash2 ( Vertical Bars)
Dapped- Av (Nib Ah (Nib horizontal
Beam
end No. vertical RFT) RFT)
Total Deflection yield at load % ultimate yield at load % ultimate yield load
Description % UL
Load /KN /mm KN load KN load KN

not 330 kN (68% of

1L 485 17.34 inclined bar 335 70% 435 89% not yielded
yielded ultimate load)
Sample 1
not yielded at
1R 427 8.78 293 68% not yielded -
yielded 100%
plate welded not 365 kN (97% of
2L 375 8.79 bar 310 82% 266 71% not yielded
yielded ultimate load)
Sample 2 control (As at
50 dia
2R 408 13.13 reached 360 88% 160 39% 314 77% not yielded not yielded
yielding)

50%
3L 383 13.47 Ash,200% As 288 75% 205 53% 359 93% not yielded not yielded

Sample 3 not yielded

200% Ash, used 79% not 231 kN (92.4 %
3R 252 13.08 50% As 150 60% not yielded
from yielded of ultimate load)
capacity
281 kN (93% of
4L 304 10.67 practical 285 94% not yielded 195 64%
ultimate load)

Sample 4 336 kN 613 kN (98% of

used 58%
welded plate (53% of ultimate load)
4R 625 18.86 inclined bar from bar 58% 502 80% 608 97%
ultimate placed at bottom
capacity
load) of nib

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Non-linear finite element program
• FINITE ELEMENT MODEL were developed in
ANSYS Version 15.0

• A concrete 3D-solid element

“SOLID65” is used to model the three-
dimensional behavior of concrete.

• A “LINK180-3D” element was used to

model steel reinforcement.

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 1
ELEMENTS
TYPE NUM

P
NOV 4 2019
U
22:12:42
F

The main 3D finite element

model of all models
Y
Z X

1 1
NODAL SOLUTION DISPLACEMENT

STEP=1 STEP=1
SUB =18 NOV 5 2019 SUB =21 NOV 6 2019
TIME=78
UY
RSYS=0
(AVG)
23:33:48 TIME=93
DMX =24.8071 P 20:40:57

DMX =9.59089
SMN =-9.50161
SMX =2.62985

MN

MX

Y
Y
Z X
Z X

-9.50161 -6.80573 -4.10985 -1.41397 1.28191

-8.15367 -5.45779 -2.76191 -.066032 2.62985
Sample Four

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
RFT Scheme of Sample 2-CONTROL
RFT Scheme of Sample 1

Sample-2L Sample-2R
PCI RFT DETAIL- PCI RFT DETAIL-
Sample 1L Sample 1R
Control 1 Control 2
Inclined As with Inclined As with
proper anchorage proper anchorage

RFT Scheme of Sample 4

RFT Scheme of Sample 3

Sample 3L Sample 3R
Ash Reduced50 % Sample 4L Sample 4R
As Reduced 50 %
As Increased 100 % Normal/Factory Inclined As with
Ash Increased 100 %
practice welded plate

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Experimental Results Vs FEM

Sample One - Left

Experiment ANSYS

60

485 kN 482 kN 50

40

Load (ton)
30

20
Prediction/
10
Measured = 99%
0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00

Displacement (mm)

Sample One - Right

Experimental ANSYS

45

40

427 kN
35

407 kN 30

Load (ton)
25

20

Prediction/
15

10

0
Measured = 95%
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00

Displacement (mm)

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
375 kN
Sample Two - Left
Experiment ANSYS

40.00

35.00

30.00

373 kN 25.00

Load (ton)
20.00

15.00

10.00 Prediction/
5.00
Measured = 99%
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

Displacement (mm)

Sample Two - Right

Experiment ANSYS

45.0

40.0

35.0

408 kN 30.0

405 kN

Load (ton)
25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0
Prediction/
0.0
0.00 2.00 4.00
Measured = 99%
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00

Displacement (mm)

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 383 kN
Sample Three - Left
Experimental ANSYS

45

361 kN 40

35

30

Load (ton)
25

20

15

10
Prediction/
Measured = 94%
5

0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

Displacement (mm)

252 kN Sample Two - Right

Experiment ANSYS

251 kN 45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0

Load (ton)
25.0

20.0

Prediction/
15.0

10.0

5.0
Measured = 99%
0.0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00

Displacement (mm)

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
 Sample Four - Left

304 kN
Experiment ANSYS

301 kN 35

30

25

20

Load (ton)
15

10

5
Prediction/
0
0 2
Measured = 99%
4 6 8 10 12

Displacement (mm)

Sample Four - Right

625 kN
Experimental ANSYS

602 kN 70

60

50

40

Load (ton)
30

20

10
Prediction/
0
0.00 5.00
Measured = 96%
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00

Displacement (mm)

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL & F.E. RESULTS
Failure Load, kN 700

Specimen P. Exp./P.
‫݌‬௨EXP ‫݌‬௨ F.E. 600
F.E

S 1L 485 482 1.01

1.05 500
S 1R 427 407
S 2L 375 373 1.01

Ultimate Load in KN
S 2R 408 405 1.01 400

S 3L 383 361 1.06

S 3R 252 251 1.00

625
602
300
S 4L 304 301 1.01

485
482
S 4R 625 602 1.04

427

408
407

405
200

383
375
373

361
% 1st

304
301
252
crack

251
Dapped-end
No. 100
ultimate load/ultim
first crack/kn load ate load
1L 60 485 12.4% 0
S-1L S-1R S-2L S-2R S-3L S-3R S-4L S-4R
1R 50 427 11.7%
Axis Title
2L-control 1 65 375 17.3%
Pu Exp. Pu FE
2R-control 2 75 408 18.4%
3L 70 383 18.3%
3R 40 252 15.9%
4L 55 304 18.1% Schedule of the First crack propagation
4R 100 625 16.0%

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Conclusions and recommendations
• A similar crack pattern in all specimens was detected. Cracks started
with the initiation of diagonal re-entrant crack, followed by nib inclined
crack and diagonal tension crack (developed in the full-depth of the
beam).
• It has been found that highest stresses concentration factors occur at the
reentrant corners and its vicinity.
• The re-entrant corner is the weakest portion of the beam, where stress
concentration develops.
• the First crack propagation started in all specimen between 11.7% to
18.4% from the total ultimate load.

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Conclusions and recommendations
• The dapped-end reinforcement designed according to the (PCI 7 th Edition) is
conservative since the experimental ultimate load was over estimated that of
the PCI equation by about (38.3%).failure loads were observed much higher
than the design loads.
• The overestimation in the failure load as calculated by the finite element
analysis was (1-6%).
• The As flexure reinforcement is more important of Ash hanger
reinforcement.
• The enhancement of the steel anchorage of the inclined flexure
reinforcement shows higher shear capacity.
• The dapped ends with the flexure reinforcement placed inclined with
practical anchorage and proper anchorage(S-1R) & (S-1L) the failure load
was increased 4% and 18.8% respectively comparing to control specimen.
• Ansys has been found to provide better accuracy for predicting the failure
load of dapped end beams.

“Study on the structural behavior of precast concrete dapped-end beams with

different reinforcement details”
Thank you..