Unit - IV

Unit - IV

Capacity Building & Coping with Disasters

 Definition
• Capacity is the combination of all the
strengths and resources available in a
community, society or organization
that can reduce the risk or effects of a
disaster.
• These actions can include:- resource
development , financial management
(diversification of funding sources),
organizational learning, leadership
developments and other activities
 INTRODUCTION
Capacity building is an ongoing process that equips
officials, stakeholders and the community to perform
their functions in a better manner during a
crisis/disaster.
In this process we must include elements of human
resource development, i.e., individual training,
organizational development such as improving the
functioning of groups and organizations and
institutional development.
At the national level, The National Institute of Disaster
Management (NIDM) is the capacity building arm and
the States have disaster management cells in the State
Administrative Training Institutes performs the
function of capacity building for effective and efficient
disaster management.
Roles and Responsibilities

• To develop guidelines under which NIDM has to function and correspondence relating thereto.
• International Co-operation including finalization of MoUs in the field of DM with various
countries, and its implementation, visit of foreign delegation for bilateral meetings, etc.
• To coordinate with International Organization such as UNDRR, UNDP, UNICEF, UNOCHA,
UNFPA, AHA Centre, IORA, BRICS, SCO, BIMSTEC, ADPC, ADRC, G20, World Bank,
SAARC, ASEAN, etc.
• Nomination of officers of NDMA as guest lecturer or participant for attending International
and National Workshops / Seminars / Training / Meetings, Forums / etc.
• Implementation of various projects of Capacity Building on Disaster Management (DM), DRR,
Disaster Response in collaboration with State Govts/UTs and CDM, LBSNAA, Mussoorie.
• Monitoring of implementation of the National Disaster Management Guidelines on School
Safety Policy – 2016 in all schools of India
• Monitoring of DM Exhibition & Mock Drills in all Schools of AMRUT Cities (500).
Roles and Responsibilities

• Processing of proposals of partial financial support for organizing events on

disaster related subjects receives various Departments of GoI /State Govts.
and Institutions such as IITs, JNU, FICCI, CII, TIFAC and NGOs etc.
• Processing of proposals for extending NDMA logo for organizing events on
disaster related subjects support
• Parliament Questions/RTI Matters/VIP references/reports & returns,
budget,
• Training part of NDRF
 • Education on Disaster Prevention and Response
• Training to Vulnerable Communities

Various • Collaboration with relief agencies

• Mock Drill
elements of • Household Preparations
Capacity • Understanding Warning/De- warning messages
Building • First-aid Preparedness
Education on disaster prevention and response

• It includes educating the

vulnerable communities as well as
the population of state to the
possible hazards and their
impacts in their area. It also
covers the preventive measures
and response strategies in case of
a disaster strike to the surface.
Training to vulnerable communities
• It includes imparting
the basic training of
disaster management to
the volunteers and local
people. It aims to teach
the people that how they
can survive and help
others.
Collaboration with relief agencies

• It includes the
collaboration between
different government as
well as non-government
agencies involved in the
relief work through the
state for all kind of
disasters
Mock drill • It is a method of practicing how
a building would be evacuated in
the event of a fire or other
emergency.
• Usually, the building's existing
fire alarm system is activated,
and the building is evacuated as if
the emergency had occurred.
Household preparation
• It covers the preparation of keeping all
valuable items in waterproof bags,
keeping minimum clothing, and being
ready with a plan for evacuation
 Understanding warning/de-warni
messages
Dissemination of early warning
message to the vulnerable
communities is the next task
which can be achieved through
better training and involvement
of all stakeholders
First aid preparedness

• Along with all

necessary things it’s
important to have a
well-stocked first aid
kit to deal with minor
accidents and injuries.
 • Connect between disasters and Development
• Sustainable Development and Traditional
Wisdom
• Participation of all Stake holders
FACTOR OF • Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction
CAPACITY (DRR)
BUILDING • Gender Mainstreaming
• Pyscho- social support in Disaster aftermath
• Preparation of Training Manual
• Unique Training Approach
 Capacity Building
• The National Disaster Management Plan provides a
framework covering all aspects of the disaster management
cycle.
• It covers – DRR
• Mitigation
• Preparedness
• Response
• Recovery and betterment reconstruction
 Capacity Building
• The NDMP provides a framework with role clarify for rapid
mobilization of resources and effective disaster management by the
Central and State governments in India.
Vision:
• Make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster risk
reduction and significantly decrease the losses of life, livelihoods
and assets – economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental
by maximizing the ability to cope with disasters at all levels of
administration as well as among communities.
 Legal Mandate
• Section – 11 of the disaster management act of 2005, mandate that
there shall be National Disaster Management Plan for the whole of
India.

• As per section – 37 of the Disaster Management act, every ministry

and department of the Government of India including the
hazard specific nodal ministries, shall have the
comprehensive disaster management plans detailing how each of
them will contribute to the national efforts in disaster prevention,
preparedness, response and recovery.
 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

• The disaster Risk Reduction and mitigation plan integrates

the global targets into the national efforts and seeks to
strengthen significantly India's resilience to both natural
and human-induced disasters.
• The guiding principles of Sendai Framework states that
disaster risk reduction requires responsibilities to be
shared by different divisions of governments and various
agencies.
 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
• Disaster Risk Reduction consists of five thematic areas
• Understanding Risk
• Inter-agency coordination
• Investing in DRR – Structural Measures
• Investing in DRR – Non- Structural Measures
• Capacity Building and Capacity Development
 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
• For any disaster, either it may be an earthquake or floods
or cyclones or droughts, these five are main areas in
disaster risk reduction in India.
 Understanding Risk:
• The priority in Sendai Framework is understanding risk, the major
themes under this is
• Observation Networks, Information Systems, Research,
Forecasting
• Zoning/ mapping
• Monitoring and Warning Systems
• Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (HRVA)
• Dissemination of Warnings, Data and Information
Understanding Risk:

• Having adequate systems to provide warnings,

disseminate information and carry out
meaningful monitoring of hazards are crucial to
disaster risk reduction and improving resilience.
They are also are integral part of improving the
understanding risk.
Inter – Agency Coordination (IAC)
• Inter-agency coordination is a key component of
strengthening the disaster risk reduction. It is the
second priority of Sendai Framework. The major
themes of IAC is
• Overall disaster governance
• Response
• Providing Warning Information and data
• Non-structural measures
 Investing in DRR – Structural Measures
• Understanding necessary structural measures is one of the major thematic
areas for action for disaster risk reduction and enhancing resilience. It is the
third priority of Sendai framework. It consists of various physical
infrastructures that facilitates required to help communities cope up with
disasters.
• It consists of
• Multi-purpose cyclone shelters (Schools, colleges, office buildings, function
halls etc)
• Social housing schemes (Indira Avasa Yojana, 2-bed room houses, pradana
mantri avasa yojana etc)
• Hazard resistant construction, strengthening and retrofitting of all lifeline
 Investing in DRR – Structural Measures
• Water ways and drainage systems for roads, highways,
expressways
• Enhancing the safety of dams and reservoirs
• Desilting of rivers to improve the flow of water
• Water conservation structures
• Mitigation measures
• Protection of heritage structures
• Rainwater harvesting, afforestation etc.
 Investing in DRR – Non-Structural Measures
• Adopting appropriate laws, mechanisms, techno-legal
regimes are crucial components in strengthening disaster
risk reduction, which is a fourth priority under Sendai
framework of 2015.
• The non-structural measures comprising of laws, rules,
guidelines and building codes etc. The central and state
governments will have to set up
necessary institutional support for enforcement, monitoring
and compliance.
 The major non-structural measures are
The major non-structural measures are
• Laws, regulations, enforcement mechanisms
• Public-private partnerships
• Mitigation measures
• To promotes water conservation, harvesting, efficient irrigation
practices
• Regulations and building codes
• Site selection for human settlements in prone areas etc.
 Capacity Building or Capacity Development
It is an important step and priority –5 of the Sendai framework. It includes
Various aspects of disaster risk reduction such as
• Training programme
• Skill developments
• Curriculum developments
• Community based DM
• Large-scale awareness
• Carrying and regular mock-drills and
• Disaster response exercises
 Capacity Building or Capacity Development

• The capability to implement, enforce and monitor various

disaster mitigation measures must be improved at all levels
from the lower to higher levels of governance.
 Responsibilities of Central Government
• Modernization observation networks, equipment systems
• Research and studies to improve forecasts
• Satellite-based communication systems
• Preparation of detailed maps of various hazards
• Promote studies on eco-systems, socio-economic impacts of
disasters
• Provide guidelines
 Responsibilities of Central Government
• Studies on social, economic, gender and equity aspects
• Quick, clear, effective dissemination among central and state agencies
• Revise the rules, norms and codes
• Update the standards
• Review and improve laws, regulations and policies
• To provide technical support & guidance
• Evolving codes.
• Conduct training and orientation programmes for central government and
other direct stakeholders
 Responsibilities of State Government & Agencies
• To support and coordinate with central government in disaster management
activities.
• Carryout the mapping and related studies
• Constitute state level coastal advisory committees
• Promote studies on socio-economic impacts of disasters
• Dissemination of warnings to all targeted areas
• Ensure facilities for the implementation of adequate access of information to
communities at risk.
• Preparation and implementation of DM plans
 Responsibilities of State Government & Agencies
• Organizing the immediate response and seeking assistance of
central government and agencies.
• Identification of safe buildings and sites as temporary shelters
• Construction of multi-purpose shelters in coastal villages.
• Proper maintenance of drainage systems and flood embankments.
• Training and orientation for state government staff and other
stakeholders.
 Sendai Framework, 2015
• The Framework was adopted at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster
Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven
clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce existing
disaster risks:
(i) Understanding disaster risk;
(ii) Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk;
(iii) Investing in disaster reduction for resilience and;
(iv) Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Build
Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
 Aims of Sendai framework, 2015
• It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives,
livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and
environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries over
the next 15 years.
 Difference between Hyogo Framework and Sendai
Framework
• The current framework for 15 years replaces the 10 year long Hyogo
Framework for Action. The Sendai Framework aims to lower the global
mortality rate from disasters between 2020 and 2030, compared with 2005
to 2015, and reduce the proportion of people affected.
International agreements:

The Govt. of India has signed three international agreements in

the year 2015.

I) Sendai Framework – 2015-30

Ii) Sustainable development Goals – Sep – 2015-30
Iii) Paris agreement – Dec – 2015 ( CoP – 21)
 High – Powered Committee (HPC)

High Powered Committee (HPC) formed in August 1999.

This committee has classified disasters into 5 major subcategories

(I) Water & Climate disasters – Cyclones, floods, droughts, cold
waves, heat waves, avalanches, thunders/lighting etc.
(ii) Geological disasters – earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
landslides, soil erosion, famines etc.
 High – Powered Committee (HPC)
(iii) Chemical, industrial & nuclear hazards – Chernobyl disaster,
Bhopal gas tragedy, love canal tragedy, three-mile island power
plant failure, other industrial accidents etc.
(iv) Accident-related disasters – road accidents, rail accidents, serial
bomb blasts, building collapse etc.
(v) Biological related disasters – H1N1 Virus, Zica virus, HIV, Food
Poisoning etc.
 Legal Aspects in Disaster Management
At Central level NDMA, at state level SDMA prepare the disaster
management plans for various types of disasters occur even at district level.
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
• Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989
• Environment Impact Assessment Statement, 1994
• Coastal Regulations Notification, 1991
• The Publicity Liability Insurance Act, 1991
• The National Environment Appeliate Authority Act, 1997
 Legal Aspects in Disaster Management
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A toxic or poisonous gas namely Methyl Iso
Cyanide (MIC) released into environment from Union Carbide
(Pesticide manufacturing) factory on mid night of 2nd December & early
mornings of 3rd December 1984 at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
• According to official report, the number of victims were 50,000 and according
unofficial it was more than 2 lakhs.
The major effects of this tragedy were - Liver damage, kidney failure, brain
damage, heart arrest, failure of reproductive system in women etc.
After the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984, first time the supreme court of India,
realized the importance of environment education, particularly students.
 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
• After the Bhopal Gas Leak Tragedy, the Indian Parliament enacted the
Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), on 19th November 1986, the
birth anniversary of Former prime minister of India late Smt. Indira
Gandhi for the purpose of safeguarding and protecting the environment from
unregulated industrial or other activities.
Objectives of the act:
• Prevention and Control of Pollution
• To maintain harmoniious relationship between man and environment
According to this act unregulated industries & developmetnal activities need to
take prior permission from the GOI with respect to pollution standards.
 Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989

• After Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984, the central government of India has
passed hazardous waste (management & handling) rules in 1989.
• According to these rules, all developmental activities or industries want to
renovate or expand, need totake environmental clearance certificate from
the department of MoEF.
• All the industries of India should strictly follow the rules and
regulations made by the Pollution Control Board (PCB).
• Pollution control board officials have the authority to visit the industry to
check the pollution levels.
 Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1989

• The principal objective of the Rules is the prevention of major

accidents arising from industrial activity, the limitation of the
effects of such accidents both on humans and the environment, and
the harmonization of the various control measures and the agencies
to prevent and limit major accidents.
 Environment Impact Assessment Statement, 1994

• In the year 1994, a notification was issued by the Central Government under
Section 3 of the EPA making it mandatory on the part of all new industrial
units and those with intent to modernize or expand to submit an
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Statement for the purpose of
obtaining clearance from the Central Government for setting up industrial
projects. The EIA Statement should contain a detailed report on the
potential adverse impact on the environment by the setting up of the
proposed industrial unit. It also requires that along with the EIA Report, the
industries should submit a detailed disaster management plan, which should
be approved of by the Central Government while granting permission to
start a project.
 Coastal Regulations Zone Notification, 1991
In the year 1991, the Government of India issued Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)
Notification under the EPA to control the developmental activities within 500 meters
of high tide line (HTL) and to protect the coastal eco systems from the adverse
impacts of development activities.
According to this notification, all the developmental activities such as construction of
industries, dams, agricultural practices, roads and railway lines, mining activities are
banned within 5 kms radius of coastal areas.
Coastal are classified into 4 zones
• CRZ – I – Sensitive / Inter tidal zone
• CRZ – II – Rural / undeveloped
• CRZ – III – Urban / developed
 The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

The Parliament also enacted the 'Public Liability Insurance Act, in

November1991' to provide for public liability-insurance for the purpose of
providing immediate relief to the persons affected by accidents occurring
while handling hazardous substances. The Act imposes on the person, who has
control over handling any hazardous substance, the liability to give the relief
specified in the Act to all the victims of any accident, which occurs while
handling such substance.
Accroding to this act, a person or community effected by a disaster has the
right to apply for insurance for loss of life, property damage etc.
GOI will provide rehabililtation facilities in the form of shleters, water,
medicines, clothes, food etc to all disaster affected people.
 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997

• This Act has been enacted to provide for the establishment of a National
Environment Appellate Authority to hear appeals with respect to restriction
of areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of
industries, shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain
safeguards under the EPA.
• The Appellate Authority consisting of retired judicial officers have powers
to hear appeals on orders granting environmental clearance in the areas in
which any hazardous industries or processes shall not be carried out.
 Emergency Relief Operations
• The Emergency Relief Operations in the event of famines, droughts, floods,
earthquakes, or cyclones etc., are basically carried out at the State level
under various Revenue Codes which were framed several decades ago, and
which are supplemented by administrative rules and regulations framed
from time to time by the respective State Governments. The respective State
Governments have the responsibility to provide relief and rehabilitation to
the victims because the disasters are treated as State or local level
phenomena in which the Central Government had very little role to play
except by providing financial assistance and other physical support requested
by the State Government.
 Efforts to Frame Laws on Disaster Management
• (i) The Geneva Mandate on Disaster Reduction
• (ii) Yokohama Strategy
• (iii) Hyogo Framework
• (iv) Recommendation of the High-Power Committee
• (v) National Core Group on Earthquake Mitigation
• (vi) The Disaster Management Bill, 2005
• (vii) State Enactments on Disaster Management
 (i) The Geneva Mandate on Disaster Reduction
• The Geneva mandate on Disaster Reduction was adopted by
IDNDR (International Decade for natural Disaster Reduction ) in
1999. International Programme Forum to implement policy
measures at the international, regional, sub-regional, national and
local levels aimed at reducing the vulnerability of nature to natural
and technological hazards through proactive rather than reactive
approaches.
 (ii) Yokohama Strategy
• In the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a
Safer World, formulated in the year 1994 during the
World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction in
Japan in the context of the International Decade for
Natural Disasters.
 (iii) Hyogo Framework
• The World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held from 18 to
22 January 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, and adopted the present
frame work for Action 2005-2015 : Building the Resilience of
Nations and Communities to Disasters (known as the " Frame work
for Action"). The Conference provided a unique opportunity to
promote a strategic and systematic approach to reducing
vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. It underscored the need for,
and identified ways of, building the resilience of nations and
communities to disasters.
 (iv) Recommendation of the High - Powered Committee
• A High-Powered Committee was appointed by the Central
Government in 1999 for the purpose of preparation of a Disaster
Management Plan.44 The Committee specifically made a
recommendation in its report, submitted in the year 2001, for the
enactment of a National Calamity Management Act and for that
purpose it proposed a Model Act.
 The Disaster Management Bill, 2005
• The Disaster Management Bill, 2005 seeks for an effective management of
disasters. Under this Statute disaster management authorities have been
constituted at the National, State and at the District level. The National
Disaster Management Authority (National Authority), which is to be chaired
by the Prime Minister of India is entrusted with the responsibilities for laying
down the policies on disaster management, and approve plans at the national
level for disaster management. The National Authority is also entrusted with
the duty to lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities for
preparing plans at the State levels and co-ordinate the policies at different
levels.
 Coping with Disasters
Introduction:
• Natural disasters can be considered as traumatic events. It creates post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in disaster effected people after the
disaster.
• Disasters have large impact on bothe property and people. it has high
potential impact in the form of stress, pressure, anxiety, anger during and
after disaster.
• Disaster experiences are differing from peson to person and from country to
country due to climatic changes, geo physical conditions of the environment.
 Coping Strategies
The important coping strategies helpful to reduce the impact of disaster

• Social Support
• Local Support
• Talk about the effect of disaster
• Try to maintain a regular schedule
• Focus on Selfcare
• Practicing healthy strategies
• Find help to others
 Coping Strategies – Social Support

• It is a major factor in disaster management activities, the social

support in the form of services from NDRF, NDRT, NIDM, NGOs
etc to provide social support in the form of create awareness,
educating the people, providing shelter, medicines, food and other
necessities, to conduct rescue operations before, during and after
disaster.
 Coping Strategies – Local Support
Support from the local communities, gram
panchayaths, other volunteers etc during and after the
disaster, in the form of physical, social and
mental support.
Coping Strategies – Talk about the impact of Disaster
• Sharing the experiences of a disaster reduces the
major strain and gives a great relief in the form of
mental and social support. Try to maintain regular
schedule, helpful to face the hazard or disaster.
 Coping Strategies – Focus on Selfcare
Selfcare plays a key role in disaster management
during the disasters, every one of us should think
about himself or herself followed by family/ friends,
during the disasters.
 Coping Strategies – Practicing Healthy Strategies
• Practicing healthy strategies such as yoga,
meditation eating healthy food etc makes us
physically & mentally stable during and after
the disaster.
 Coping Strategies – Find Help others

Helping to others in disaster management is the major

social support to disaster effected people. They help in
the form of providing food, water, medicines, clothes,
admissions in hospitals, evacuation of people. First aid
etc.
 Disaster stress Indicators/ Signs
The important stress indicators during and after the disasters in vulnerable people
are
• Difficulty in sleep
• Difficulty in communication
• Difficulty in maintaining balanced life
• Poor work performance
• Little attention span
• Headache/stomachache problems
• Sadness
• Stress/ pressure
 Stress Reactions

• There are two types of reactions in disaster effected people

• Short-term Reactions
• Long-term Reactions
• People who react towards disaster, who are mentally and physically weak
will suffer with following
• Short-term Reactions: Reactions such as – Worry, anxiety, anger, sadness,
stress, pressure.
• The indicators are only for short term period a maximum of one
month period.
• Long-term Reactions: they suffer with adjustment, nature depression
 Adjustment Processes:
• Adjustment to the disaster during and after is an important for
survival of life. There are number of adjustment process in
environment for various process. Adjustment process many differ
from disaster to disaster.
Adjustment Process - Earthquake:
Sudden shaking of the earth surface due to release of vibratory
waves. Few vibratory waves only in one direction of the earth.
• Construction of wooden houses
• Construction of earthquake resistant buildings
 Adjustment Process - Earthquake:

• Evacuation of people in vulnerable areas

• Less population in earthquake prone areas
• Prepare Dm plans
• Take shelters till all vibratory waves subside after earthquake.
• Few vibratory waves can move in all directions of the
surface during earthquake.
• Primary, secondary and longitudinal waves are seismic waves of
earthquake waves.
 Adjustment Process - Cyclones:
• India has the longest coastal line 8041 kms, out of
which 5400 km of coastal line is being
affected various types of disaster such as
• Cyclones occur in pre monsoon & post monsoon
season when depression present in climatic
conditions.
• The wind speed varies from 100- 300 kms/hr, the
impact of cyclones is always high.
 Adjustment Process - Cyclones:
• Take shelter in safer places till the impact of cyclone is
reduced.
• Evacuation of people, valuables etc.
• Necessary phones, address should be kept ready.
• Listening the weather bulletin
• Follow the rules and regulations of IMD.
• Communicate with people about the impacts of disasters
 Adjustment Process - Cyclones:

• We get cyclones from both of Bay of Bengal and

Arabian Sea. The frequency of occurrence of
cyclones always high from Bay of Bengal than
Arabian Sea.
 Adjustment Process - Floods:
• They occur due to heavy rain fall, overflow of the river,
narrowness of rivers, blocking of rivers, nalas etc.
• Floods occur due to heavy rainfall
• Population explosion
• Advancement of Science and Technology
• Urbanization
• Narrowness of rivers
• The most common type of floods occur in India is Riverine Floods.
 Adjustment Process - Floods:
• Settle in safer shelters.
• Valuables such as medicines, water, clothes, food etc should
be kept ready.
• Listening the weather bulletins.
• Population reduction in vulnerable areas/flood prone areas.
 Adjustment Process - Droughts:
• India has experienced n number of droughts, but the worst
drought is recorded in 1987-88 drought in Indian history.
• More than 15 states of the country have been suffered
with this drought. The deficiency of rainfall during this
period was above 78% than the normal rainfall.
• The commonly occurred drought in India is
Meteorological drought.
 Adjustment Process - Droughts:
• Rainwater harvesting systems
• Maintaining storage tanks for water
• Storing good quality of seeds
• Preservice of fertilizers and pesticides
• Government plans for canals and water pipelines
• Bio or organic fertilizers
 Adjustment Process - Famine:
• Scarcity of food is called 'Famine'.
• Drought leads to famine.
• Nearly 30-35% of population in the world under Below
Poverty Line (BPL) due to malnutrition.
• Deficiency of nutrients in food is called 'malnutrition'.
Ex: Deficiency of Vit – A – leads to Blindness or Cataract disease
Deficiency of Iodine – Thyroid / Goiter
Deficiency of Iron - Anemia
 Adjustment Process - Famine:

• Government plans for BPL people to provide food.

• Spread awareness for people living in famine suffering
areas.
• Organizations like WHO and UNICEF participation
in providing food.
• Medical care
• Construction of cold storage sites
 Changing Concepts in Disaster Management
• United Nations organized the first international conference or convention on
Disaster Risk Reduction at Yokohama in Japan in 1989. The focus was
'environmental changes, pollution issues, population explosion' etc.
• United Nations declared 1990s as 'International Decade of Natural Disaster
Risk Reduction'.
• The second conference or Convention of United Nations on DRR was held at
Copes in Japan in December 2003.
• The third and latest international conference on DRR was held in Sendai in
Japan in 2015. India is a signatory country for Sendai framework on Natural
Disaster Risk Reduction.
 Changing Concepts in Disaster Management
• There are lot of changes being occurred in disaster
management in present scenario.
The concepts are in the form of
• Changing in Population of Dynamics
• Changing in Food Habits
• Change in Seasons
• Change in War Scenario
 Changing in Popualtion of Dynamics
• Population of towns and cities have been increased year by year due to more
facilities in the form of employment or job opportunities, better living
standards, good education, good health facilities, transportation etc have
been changed the population dynamics since 2005.
• The frequency of occurrence of disasters have been increased in towns and
metropolitan cities due to population density or pressure on natural
resources such as land, water, air minerals etc.
• A Disaster Management Plan which has been prepared for the present
scenario may not be suitable after 15 years due to increase of population .
 Changing in the concept of Climatic Conditions
• There is a drastic difference in climatic conditions due to advanced
technologies, industrialization, burning of fossil fuels, urbanization,
deforestation, population explosion, mineral extraction etc.
• The impacts of climatic changes in the form of floods, droughts, heat waves,
cold waves due to drastic changes in climatic conditions.
Ex: Hyderabad Floods, Warangal Floods – 2020
Mumbai Floods – 2020
Karnataka, Kerala, Mumbai Floods – 2019
Kerala and Karnataka Floods – 2018
Oki Cyclone of Odisha - 2017
 Changes in food habits
• Very often people prefer to take junk food, which badly
affect their health in the form of Diabetes, hypertension,
cholesterol, obesity, heart arrest etc.
• Now there is lot of demand for instant food or packed food.
 Change in Concept of Seasons
• Due to drastic changes in climatic conditions, experience
high temperature in rainy and winter seasons and
experience the cold waves even in the month of March.
• Seasonal changes mainly effect on droughts and cyclones.
 Changes in War Scenario
• In ancient scenario, people used to fight for cattle,
agriculture followed by weather. In present scenario,
fighting for energy in form of fuel.
 Industrial Safety Plan:

• Each company or factory or industry is responsible for

preparation and implementation of their own safety plan
or injury or illness prevention programme, for that
company must consult with legal, medical, other advisors
for effective implementation of safety plan for further
amendments in the act.
 Industrial Safety Plan:
• For a general industry, the following documents are required

• Injury/illness prevention plan or programme

• Hazard communication written document/plan
• Lock out plan / layout plan
• Permit entry
• Respiratory protection programme
• Safety policies, procedures to be maintained
 Industrial Safety Plan:
• Responsibility:
• Each company is responsible to maintain above said documents with chief
inspector of factory as per factory act of 1948.
• After the incident of Bhopal Gas tragedy, the factory act of 1948 has been
amended, a chapter 'Hazard Processes' has been included in the act.
• This chapter contains some provisions such as Section 41 (A), 41 (B), 41 (c)
------41 (n).
• Under section 41 (B) of factory act of 1948, every occupier should take the
approval or authorization from chief inspector of the factory for on-site
emergency plan.
 Industrial Safety Plan:
• Section 41 (B): this is a statutory provision laid down in the act for
preparation of on-site emergency plan in the industries.
• Major accidents may cause injury, lead to death. It may cause
heavy damage to plant, property and harm to people working in
the industry.
Ex: recently occurred accident at Serum Institute of India (SII)
Pune, Maharastra – caused 5 deaths. The company announced 25
lakhs ex-gratia and govt of Maharashtra 5 lakhs.
Accidental release of Sterine gas from LG Polymers in Vijaz in May
2020.
 Industrial Safety Plan:
Emergency: Accident has the potential threat to both people and
property; it causes major damage to plant operations and seriously
disturbs the functioning of the industry.
Types of Emergency:
There are two types of emergency occur in industry
• On-site Emergency
• Off-site Emergency
 Industrial Safety Plan:
• On-site Emergency: if an accident occurs within the factory
premises and shows effects on the working area within the industry
is called 'On-site Emergency'.
Ex: Serum accident of Pune
• Off-Site Emergency: f an accident occurs within the factory
premises, but the effects are uncontrollable, has impacts and grater
damage to surrounding environment is called 'On-site Emergency'.
Ex: Strein Gas release from LG Polymers of Vijaz.
 Industrial Safety Plan:
Key Factors responsible for cause of disasters:

• Failure of plant operations

• Human errors
• Vehicle crash
• Natural calamities
• Fire
 Industrial Safety Plan:

Emergency Plan: the main objectives of emergency plan are

I) to control the incidents or accidents, if possible, eliminate

it.

II) to minimize the effects of incidents / accidents by follow

safety policies, measures rules, regulations etc.
 Industrial Safety Norms
• Each company or industrial plant, should prepare on site emergency plan
by incorporating details and actions to be taken in case of emergency or
accidents occurs within the industry.
• This emergency plan contains major and minor risks involved in accidents.
• Mock drills of a plan should be conducted periodically at regular intervals,
at least once in six months.

• The same should be reported in the form of written document in on-site

emergency plan.
 Emergency Control Center
• This is the main center of the industry where all activities are controlled or to
be controlled in an emergency or accidents.
Facilities available at the control center
• Internal and external communication center
• Storage facilities for hazardous compounds
• Pollution control
• Noise control record
• Walky-talky
• Notebook, notepad, pen etc
• Computer and other essentials.
 Assembly Point
• A place or a point far away from the plant, should be
determined by industry as 'assembly point', where all
regular employees, contract workers, visitors, key
personnel will assemble at this point during emergency or
accident.
• An officer on duty should take attendance
during accident will be helpful to find out the missing
workers during accident.
Persons/ Officers involved in industrial activities
• Works Maintenace officer
• works incident officer
• other officers such as Security and Fire InCharge
• medical officer
• administrative officer
• telephone operator
• communication officers etc
involve in industrial activities.
 Works Maintenace Officer
• He is the general manager of the industrial plant and main
officer of the industrial activities.
• He assesses the magnitude of the incident and takes a right
decision for evacuation of workers during and after
incident.
• He conducts periodical reviews about personal
development of industry.
 Works Incident Manager

• He is plant manager of industry and next important person

after General manager. He is called as 'Works Incident
Manager'.
• In case of emergency, he rushes to the affected area and
communicates the same to the general manager through
personal communication system like cell phones, walky-
talky, intercoms etc.
 Other Key Personnel
• This group includes
• Communication manager
• Security and fire officer
• Medical officer
• Administrative officer
• Telephone Operator
Communication manager and Security and Fire Officer
• During an accident or incident, communication officer will reach
to control center to gather the information about the accident and
the same will be communicated to works incident officer.
• On hearing alarm or emergency siren, the security and fire officer
reach to the affected area along with fire fighting vehicles and
security people.
 Medical Officer and Administrative Officer

• On hearing emergency siren, a medical officer rush to the

affected areas and immediately provide the services like
first aid and shift the people to the nearby hospitals based
on emergency.
• The main responsibility of administrative officer is to
communicate with government agencies such as police,
ambulance, hospitals etc about accidents or incident.
 Alarm System
• There are different types of alarms will be installed in the
industry based on the nature of the industry, the important
alarm systems are

• Normal bell safety alarm

• Handy operated alarm
• Fire alarm
• Automatic alarm etc
 Communication System

• It is the key components in industrial operations,

communication will be passed through various forms such
as
• Walky – talky
• Telephones
• Intercoms
• Verbal communication (Oral and Written communication)
 Siren on Emergency:
• It is a separate alarm from the normal siren or alarm, on
hearing the siren, all key personnel, will be attentive and
rush to the affected area and try to protect the people.
• Emergency siren should be audible for at least 5 km radius
of the location.
 Escape Routes
• There are n number of escape routes in the industry,
these are shortest routes to the industrial workers to
come out of the industry and reach the assembly
point.
 Survival Kits

Survival kits is also called as 'Emergency Kits'. It consists of

• Battery operated torch
• Battery operated radio
• Extra batteries
• First aid facilities
• Emergency medicines
• Food (Dry Items)
 Survival Kits
• Water
• Important papers such as (Aadhar card, Voter id, PAN card etc)
• Sharp ended knife
• Cash
• ATM card
• Chlorinated tablets to purify the water
• Thick ropes
• Shoes
• Temporary shelters (Blanket, tent) etc
 Role of MassMedia in Disaster Management
• Mass media plays an effective role in disaster management by educating the
people about the disasters, provide basic facilities, to communicate the
information to government and other relief agencies to cope with the impacts
of disasters in the form of disaster preparedness.
• The media plays a vital role in the management of disasters by educating
people about consequences, hazard warnings, gathering and transmitting
information about affected areas, and also alerting the government for rescue
and relief.
• Mass media in recent years has helped sensitize people most effectively
through forewarning and coverage of natural disasters.
 Role of MassMedia in Disaster Management
• Lack of communication and coordination among
government officials and media persons during pre and
post-disaster activities lead to publishing of unverified and
speculative reports. When officials avoid sharing
information about a situation, reporters tend to rely on
local informers.
 Technology In Media:-
• There are two major types of media that exist:- 1. Electronic
Media and 2. Print Media. Radio (both satellite as well as
wireless), and Television (Cable, DTH etc) are prominent player in
Electronic Media, whereas Newspapers, Journals are part of Print
Media.
• Technology has Crucial role in Information Acquisition, analysis,
forecasting dissemination.
 Technology In Media:-
• New technological advancements in communications offer
the prospect of considerable improvement, both in the
anticipation of sudden on-set disaster and in dealing with
after-effects once disaster occurs.
• Electronic media can play a very important role in
providing the early warning to the public but care should
be taken while transmission the early warning. It should be
in clear words and confirmed through reliable sources.
 Various channels

• Printing and electronic media (news paper, television)

• Radios, public announcements or mike systems
• Social media like WhatsApp, Facebook etc.
• These are helpful to connect and transfer the information
from government to the affected communities.
• Communication is an important part of disaster prevention
and mitigation.
 Strengthening Capacity of Reducing Risk
• Disaster Risk Reduction is a teamwork that entails active participation from
all agencies for disaster management.
• Capacity development and risk reduction are interdependent
The various steps of capacity development for reducing risks are as follows:
• Soliciting active participation from all stakeholders
• An assessment of the current capacity
• Formulation of capacity development strategy
• Implementation of capacity development strategy
• Evaluation of capacity development
Soliciting active participation from all stakeholders
This group comprises all the key stakeholders who are authorized and
expected to make significant contribution to the efforts of reducing disaster
risks.
An assessment of the current capacity
The capacity assessment task should be a highly customized work to
incorporate various situations and suit needs of beneficiaries. This also helps
in measuring progress in capacity development efforts.
A capacity assessment exercise should be based on the assumption that there
are existing capacities that can be built upon. Then existing capacity is
measured and compared with the desired capacity level.
Formulation of capacity development strategy
On the basis of assessment of existing capacity, development strategies should
be formulated. It is often observed that mostly the stakeholders prefer to
enhance their strength to do things better.
Implementation of capacity development strategy
In the implementation phase, the strategies are implemented and stakeholders
are imparted agreed upon necessary skills to enhance their capacity.
Evaluation of capacity development
The carrying capacity or development programmes should be evacuated to
gauge the progress. It is evidenced by the changes in performance, which can
be measured in terms of improved efficiency and effectiveness.