Building Construction IV

Course Code: AR605

B.Arch. III/I

INTRODUCTION

2080

Prepared By:
Asst. Prof. Nisha Shrestha
 B u i l d i n g Construction IV

EVALUATION CRITERIA (THEORY)

ASSESMENT : 8 marks + 2 marks (attendance)

FINAL EXAM: 40 marks

EVALUATION CRITERIA (PRACTICAL)

ATTENDENCE : 10 marks
SKETCH BOOK: 10 marks
Portfolio : 30 marks
 B u i l d i n g Construction IV

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

To provide knowledge to the students about

 portal frames, shell roofs and domes;
Fire places and chimneys
Traditional timber construction
Sound and thermal insulation
Prevention of fire effects in building
Measures to protect building components and finishes
Various building service elements
Techniques for sustainable construction in buildings
 B u i l d i n g Construction IV
Week Topic Details Activities Method Media Evaluation Remarks

INTRODUCTION TO SYLLABUS Lecturing, PPT Slides

Interactive,
PORTAL FRAMES Introduction to portal frames, their Sketches, Report Discussion, Q/A PPT Slides Attendence,Class
WEEK 1 types and advantages Writing Method performance

WEEK 2 SHELL ROOFS AND DOMES Introduction to Shell Roofs and Sketches, Report Lecturing, PPT Slides, Attendence,Class
vault roofing system, their Writing Interactive, performance
construction and uses. Discussion, Q/A
Introduction to Domes and Method
Construction

WEEK 3 FIRE PLACES AND CHIMNEY Introduction to Fireplaces and Sketches, Report Lecturing, PPT Slides,
Chimneys, terminologies, their Writing Interactive,
design parameters, construction Discussion, Q/A
details and performances Method

WEEK 4 Introduction, Explaining about Sketches, Report Lecturing, PPT Slides,

posts, doors, windows and roofs Writing, Field Work: Interactive,
and their types. Prevention and Group Formation of Discussion, Q/A
protection from decay six member in each Method

TRADITIONAL TIMBER
CONSTRUCTION

WEEK 5 Group Presentation Group Presentation Closed Jury As Per Students

with Reports
 B u i l d i n g Construction IV
Week Topic Details Activities Method Media Evaluation Remarks
WEEK 6 INSULATION: SOUND Introduction, requirements and Sketches, Report Lecturing, PPT Slides,
techniques to address with various Writing Interactive,
construction techniques and Discussion, Q/A
material availability Method

WEEK 7 INSULATION: THERMAL Introduction, requirements and Report Writing Lecturing, PPT Slides,
techniques to address with various Interactive,
construction techniques and Discussion, Q/A
material availability Method

WEEK 8 FIRE PREVENTION IN introduction and protection Report Writing Lecturing, PPT Slides,
CONSTRUCTION techniques with respect to Interactive,
materials, design and construction. Discussion, Q/A
Fire load, fire escape and Method
evacuation requirements

WEEK 9 PREVENTIVE AND REMEDY Preventive and remedy measures Report Writing, Lecturing, PPT Slides,
MEASURES IN BUILDINGS of building elements and FIELD MARKET Interactive,
application from rotting, corrosion, SURVEY Discussion, Q/A
efflorecence and rusting. Surface Method
finishing preventing deterioration
due to formation of efflorence,
leaching and staining
 B u i l d i n g Construction IV

Week Topic Details Activities Method Media Evaluation Remarks

WEEK 10 Introduction and their technical Report Writing Lecturing, PPT Slides,
parameters. The uses and Interactive,
function of elements viz.. Lifts , Discussion, Q/A
elevators etc.. Water supply Method
and drainage

BUILDING SERVICE
ELEMENTS
WEEK 11 Electrical supply and Report Writing Lecturing, PPT Slides,
distribution;heating ventilation Interactive,
and air-conditioning Discussion, Q/A
Method
 B u i l d i n g Construction IV

Week Topic Details Activities Method Media Evaluation Remarks

WEEK 12 Introduction to sustainable Report Writing Lecturing, PPT Slides,

construction and planning Interactive,
techniques through green house Discussion, Q/A
concepts, cost effective Method
construction, ecofriendly concepts
and self-sustaining concepts; bio-
gas and rainwater harvesting

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES

WEEK 13 Group Work Sketches, Report Closed Jury As Per Students

Writing, Field Work:
Group Formation of
six member in each

WEEK 14 ASSESMENT

WEEK 15
Portal Frames
 Building Construction IV

 Developed during second world war, but now the most common form of
enclosure for spans of 20 to 60 m.
 Driven by the need to achieve low-cost building envelope.
 They are usually made from steel, but can also be made from concrete or
timber
 Designed for following loads: roof load and wind load. While designing
proper care should be taken for proper : joints, foundation and bracing
 These are designed in such a way that it has no intermediate column, as a
result large open areas can be easily created within the structure
 Portal Frame
PORTAL FRAMES
• Defined as a continuous or rigid frame which has the basic characteristic
of a rigid or restrained joint between the supporting member (or
column) and the spanning member (or beam).

• The main objective of this form

of design is to reduce bending
moment in the beam, which
allows the frame to act as one
structural unit.
 Portal Frames
• Portal Frames are generally used
for single storey construction which
require a large unobstructed
floor space i.e. Factories,
Shopping Centers, Warehouses

• They are very efficient for

enclosing large volumes,
therefore they are often used for
industrial, storage, retail and
commercial applications as well as
for agricultural purposes.
Hinge connections Portal Frame
• Hinge is a device which allow free rotation to take place at the point of fixity but
at the same time will transmit both load and shear from one member to
another
• When frames exceed 4000mm height and 15000mm in span the introduction of a
hinged or pin connection is considered at the base.
• The transfer of stresses from the beam to the column results in rotational
movement at the foundation, which can be overcome by the introduction of a
pin/hinge joint.
• Hinges are introduced at base connections and at the center or apex of spanning
member, giving 3 basic forms of portal frames
1.Fixed rigid portal frames
2.Two pin portal frames
3.Three pin portal frames
 Portal
Rigid or fixed Frame
portal frames
• All connections between frames members
are rigid
• Bending moments are evenly distributed
• Used for small and medium size frames
where the moments transferred to the
foundation will not be excessive.

Two Pin portal frames

• Hinges are used at the base
connections to eliminate the tendency
of the base to rotate
• Bending moments resisted by
supporting members
• Used in the places where high base
moments and weak ground conditions
are encountered.
 Portal Frame
Three Pin portal frames

• Has hinged joints at base connections and at center of spanning member.

• Effect of the third hinge is to reduce the BM in the spanning member but also increases
deflection. Solution: Increase depth or moderate pitch.
 Portal Frame
Manufacture
• Portal frames are mostly made in the factory gives good dimensional and
quality control, but can create transportation problems.

• Portal frames are constructed of steel,

concrete or timber and can take form
of usual roof profiles.

• Purlins over spanning members are

used to carry lightweight roof covering
or decking.
 Portal Frame

Types of Portal Frame

1.Steel Portal Frames
2.Concrete Portal Frame
3.Timber Portal Frame
 Portal Frame
Types of Portal Frame

1.Steel Portal Frames

2.Concrete Portal Frame
3.Timber Portal Frame
 Steel Portal Frame
STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

• Assembled from standard universal (I section) beam. column and box

section
• Alternatively lattice construction of flats, angles or tubular can be used.
Steel Portal Frame
 Steel Portal Frame

 A span between 15 and 50 m

 An clear height (from the top of the floor to
the underside of the haunch) between 5
and 12 m
 A roof pitch between 5° and 10° (6° is
commonly adopted)
 A frame spacing between 6 and 8 m
 Haunches in the rafters at the eaves and
apex
Steel Portal Frame
 Steel Portal Frame

STEEL PORTAL FRAMES

STEEL PORTAL FRAMES
 Steel Portal Frame

Foundation & Fixing connections can be from:

a. Pocket connection
b. Base Plate connection
c. Pin or hinge connection

Pocket connection
 Steel Portal Frame

Base Plate connection

Steel Portal Frame

Pin or hinge connection

Steel Portal Frame
 Steel Portal Frame

Fabrication
• Bolted, Pinned or Welded – Standard Sections(Posts/Rafters)
Steel Portal Frame
 Steel Portal Frame
Welding

Pinned
 Steel Portal Frame

• Haunching for additional strength at joints

Steel Portal Frame
 Steel Portal Frame
• Stiffening at apex
 Portal Frame
• Monitor
Roof Lights
 Steel Portal Frame
Spacing of frames
• Short span - 3000-5000 mm
• Medium span - 4000-8000 mm
• Long span - 8000-12000mm

Advantages
• standard range of manufacturer's systems
• good wind resistance
• ease of site assembly using quickly trained semi-skilled labour
• overall dead load is less than concrete portal

Disadvantage
• corrosion
• lower fire resistance.
 Portal Frame

Types of Portal Frame

1.Steel Portal Frames

2.Concrete Portal Frame
3.Timber Portal Frame
 Concrete Portal Frame

2. CONCRETE PORTAL FRAMES

• Manufactured from high quality pre-cast concrete suitably reinforced
• Have low pitch (4o to 22.5o) single span frames
• Two storey and multi span frames are available.
Concrete Portal Frame
Concrete Portal Frame
Concrete Portal Frame
 Concrete Portal Frame

Design
• Lightweight roofing (34 kg/m2)
• Walls - non load bearing but must have certain
degree of
 fire resistivity
 thermal and sound insulation and
 sufficient to withstand wind pressure
• Sheet claddings are fixed using hook bolts to
purlins
Concrete Portal Frame
Concrete Portal Frame
 Concrete Portal Frame

Foundations & Fixing

a. Pocket connection
b. Base Plate connection
c. Pin joint or hinge joint
 Concrete Portal Frame

Pocket connection
 Concrete Portal Frame

Pin joint or hinge joint

 Concrete Portal Frame

Advantages
• Factory production - ensures accurate and
predictable components
• Provides well balanced and flexible design
range of roof profiles:
 single span.
 multi span or
 lean to.
 Concrete Portal Frame

Advantages (contd…)
• Maintenance is low
• In built natural resistance to fire
• Wind resistance is such that no extra bracing is
usually required
• where members of frame are joined or spliced,
connections are generally mechanical
(nut/bolt), making erection quick.
• Clean lines of RCC portal are aesthetically
pleasing
 Concrete Portal Frame

Disadvantages:
• Self load is heavy
• Difficult in transportation and handling in
site due to its heavy load
• Requires lifting gears or mechanical
equipments for placement in site
 Portal Frame

Types of Portal Frame

1.Steel Portal Frames

2.Concrete Portal Frame
3.Timber Portal Frame
 Timber Portal Frame
TIMBER PORTAL FRAMES
• Manufactured by several methods which produce
frames that are light, strong, pleasing appearance
• Used for churches, halls, gymnasiums

• Common frames are

• Glued laminated portal frames
• Plywood faced portal frames
• Timber portal frames using Solid members with
glued gusset
 Timber Portal Frame
Glued laminated portal
frames

• Laminated member of glued layers

of thin section is to obtain an
overall increase in strength
• Site work is simple
• Most are fabricated in two halves
with ease in transportation
• Frames are linked together at roof
level with timber purlins and light
weight sheet roofing
Timber Portal Frame
 Timber Portal Frame

Glued
Laminated
Portal frames
 Timber Portal Frame
Plywood Faced
Portal frames
Suitable for span around 9000mm. viz.
• small halls.
• churches and
• schools
• Frames have boxed beams with skeleton
core of softwood members covered by
plywood to take bending stress
Plywood faced Portal frames
Solid Timber & Plywood Gussets Timber Portal Frame

• Frames are spaced closer at 600, 900 or 1200mm , covered with plywood sheath
to that structure acts as a shell giving light weight building which is rigid and
strong
Solid Timber & Plywood Gussets
 Timber Portal Frame

Advantages
• constructed from readily available material at economic cost
• Light in weight
• Easy to transport and erect
• Can be trimmed and easily adjusted on site
• Pleasing appearance with either natural timber or painted
finish.
 Timber Portal Frame

Disadvantages :
• They require proper treatment against fungi and insect attack.
• Fire resistant is low.
• The tensile strength of timber is very low in comparison to
steel.
• Not economical for large clear spans
PEB (Pre Engineered Buildings )
 The Pre-Engineered Building (PEB) system is a building that includes a structural
system and quite often roof and wall cladding and other accessories.
 Pre engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings however the maximum
eave height can go upto 25 to 30 metres. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices,
houses, showrooms, shop fronts etc.
 Buildings can be constructed in less than half the normal time especially when
complemented with the other engineered sub systems.
 Pre engineered steel buildings can be fitted with different structural accessories
including mezzanine floors, canopies, fascias, interior partitions etc. and the
building is made water proof by use of special mastic beads, filler strips and
trims.
 The building system consists of rigid frames that are fabricated from plated steel.
Secondary members from cold formed C- and Z sections are used as purlins and
girts
 Pre-engineered buildings have two main components:

PRIMARY BUILT UP MEMBERS:

o Columns: vertical members from
the ground up.
o Rafters: horizontal members
connecting the top of the
columns.

SECONDARY MEMBERS:
Purlins, Girts and Eave struts.
o These sections are cold formed and normally “Z” and “C” shaped.
o Sections are rolled from pre-galvanised coils
o Thickness of material varies from 1.9 to 2.5mm.
o All fixing holes are CNS pre-punched during fabrication.
ADVANTAGES
 REDUCED CONSTRUCTION TIME: Buildings are typically delivered in just a few
weeks after approval of drawings. Foundation and anchor bolts are cast parallel
with finished, ready for the site bolting.
 LOWER COST: Due to the systems approach, there is a significant saving in design,
manufacturing and on site erection cost. The secondary members and cladding
nest together reducing transportation cost.
 FLEXIBILTY OF EXPANSION: Buildings can be easily expanded in length by adding
additional bays. Also expansion in width and height is possible by pre designing
for future expansion.
 LARGE CLEAR SPANS: Buildings can be supplied to around 80M clear spans.
 QUALITY CONTROL: As buildings are manufactured completely in the factory
under controlled conditions the quality is assured.
 LOW MAINTENANCE : Buildings are supplied with high quality paint systems for
cladding and steel to suit ambient conditions at the site, which results in long
durability and low maintenance costs.
 ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOFING AND WALL SYSTEMS: Buildings can be supplied
with polyurethane insulated panels or fiberglass blankets insulation to achieve
required “U” values.
 ARCHITECTURAL VERSTALITY: Building can be supplied with various types of
fascias, canopies, and curved eaves and are designed to receive pre cast concrete
wall panels, curtain walls, block walls and other wall systems.
 SINGLE SOURCE RESPONSIBILTY: As the complete building package is supplied by
a single vendor, compatibility of all the building components and accessories is
assured. This is one of the major benefits of the pre engineered building systems.