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    Walking Mechanism

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    Kamran Ameer
    Walking involves alternating stance and swing phases, with stance accounting for 60% of the gait cycle as the foot is planted and the body's weight is transferred forward, and swing making up the remaining 40% as the foot is lifted and moved forward. Various muscle groups work concentrically and eccentrically during these phases to control movements at the hip, knee, and ankle joints and propel the body forward while maintaining stability and balance. Walking is an efficient means of locomotion that takes advantage of gravity and momentum to minimize the energy required through eccentric contractions of dorsiflexors and concentric contractions of plantarflexors.

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    Walking Mechanism

    Uploaded by

    Kamran Ameer
    20 views15 pages
    Walking involves alternating stance and swing phases, with stance accounting for 60% of the gait cycle as the foot is planted and the body's weight is transferred forward, and swing making up the remaining 40% as the foot is lifted and moved forward. Various muscle groups work concentrically and eccentrically during these phases to control movements at the hip, knee, and ankle joints and propel the body forward while maintaining stability and balance. Walking is an efficient means of locomotion that takes advantage of gravity and momentum to minimize the energy required through eccentric contractions of dorsiflexors and concentric contractions of plantarflexors.

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    Walking involves alternating stance and swing phases, with stance accounting for 60% of the gait cycle as the foot is planted and the body's weight is transferred forward, and swing making up the remaining 40% as the foot is lifted and moved forward. Various muscle groups work concentrically and eccentrically during these phases to control movements at the hip, knee, and ankle joints and propel the body forward while maintaining stability and balance. Walking is an efficient means of locomotion that takes advantage of gravity and momentum to minimize the energy required through eccentric contractions of dorsiflexors and concentric contractions of plantarflexors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    20 views15 pages

    Walking Mechanism

    Uploaded by

    Kamran Ameer
    Walking involves alternating stance and swing phases, with stance accounting for 60% of the gait cycle as the foot is planted and the body's weight is transferred forward, and swing making up the remaining 40% as the foot is lifted and moved forward. Various muscle groups work concentrically and eccentrically during these phases to control movements at the hip, knee, and ankle joints and propel the body forward while maintaining stability and balance. Walking is an efficient means of locomotion that takes advantage of gravity and momentum to minimize the energy required through eccentric contractions of dorsiflexors and concentric contractions of plantarflexors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    WALKING

    POSTURE AND GAIT


    • The lower limbs function primarily in standing
    and walking.
    • Typically description >>> the muscle were
    acting in isolation, which rarely occurs.
    • basic understanding of the processes of
    standing and walking ------concentric and
    eccentric contractions of muscles
    Standing at Ease
    • Only a few of back and lower limb muscles are
    active
    • B/c mechanical arrangement of joints and muscles
    • Hip and knee joints >> extended & most stable
    (maximal contact of articular surfaces for weight
    transfer, with supporting ligaments taut).
    • Ankle joint is less stable
    Line of gravity falls b/w two limbs just anterior to the
    axis of rotation of the ankle joints.
    Walking: The Gait Cycle
    • Locomotion is a complex function.
    • Walking on a level surface >> alternating
    swing and stance phases
    • Gait cycle >> one cycle of swing and stance by
    one limb.
    Walking: The Gait Cycle
    Stance phase 60% of cycle

    • Begins when heel strikes ground and begins


    to assume the body's full weight (loading
    response), & ends with a push off by forefoot
    Swing phase 40% of cycle
    • Begins after push off when the toes leave the
    ground and ends when the heel strikes the
    ground.
    ENERGY REQUIREMENT
    • Walking is a remarkably efficient activity, taking
    advantage of gravity and momentum so that a
    minimum of physical exertion is required.
    Most energy is used
    (1) Eccentric contraction of the dorsiflexors during the
    beginning (loading response) phase of stance as the
    heel is lowered to the ground
    (2) terminal stance >> as the plantarflexors
    concentrically contract, pushing the forefoot
    (metatarsals and phalanges) down to produce push
    off (propulsive force)
    STANCE PHASE
    Active Muscle
    Phase of Gait Mechanical Goals Groups Examples
    Heel strike (initial Lower forefoot to Ankle dorsiflexors Tibialis anterior
    contact) ground (eccentric
    contraction)

    Continue Hip extensors Gluteus maximus


    deceleration (reverse
    forward swing)

    Preserve longitudinal Intrinsic muscles of Flexor digitorum


    arch of foot foot brevis

    Long tendons of foot Tibialis anterior


    STANCE PHASE
    Active Muscle
    Phase of Gait Mechanical Goals Groups Examples
    Loading response Accept weight Knee extensors Quadriceps
    (flat foot)
    Decelerate mass Ankle plantarflexors Triceps surae (soleus
    (slow dorsiflexion) and gastrocnemius)

    Stabilize pelvis Hip abductors Gluteus medius and


    minimus; tensor
    fasciae latae

    Preserve longitudinal Intrinsic muscles of Flexor digitorum


    arch of foot foot brevis
    Long tendons of foot Tibialis posterior; long
    flexors of digits
    STANCE PHASE
    Phase of Gait Mechanical Goals Active Muscle Groups Examples
    Midstance Stabilize knee Knee extensors Quadriceps

    Control dorsiflexion Ankle plantarflexors Triceps surae (soleus


    (preserve momentum) (eccentric contraction) and gastrocnemius)

    Stabilize pelvis Hip abductors Gluteus medius and


    minimus; tensor fasciae
    latae

    Preserve longitudinal Intrinsic muscles of foot Flexor digitorum brevis


    arch of foot
    Long tendons of foot Tibialis posterior; long
    flexors of digits
    STANCE PHASE

    Phase of Gait Mechanical Goals Active Muscle Groups Examples


    Terminal stance (heel Accelerate mass Ankle plantarflexors Triceps surae (soleus
    off) (concentric contraction) and gastrocnemius)

    Stabilize pelvis Hip abductors Gluteus medius and


    minimus; tensor
    fasciae latae

    Preserve arches of foot; Intrinsic muscles of footAdductor hallucis


    fix forefoot
    Long tendons of foot Tibialis posterior; long
    flexors of digits
    STANCE PHASE

    Phase of Gait Mechanical Goals Active Muscle Groups Examples


    Preswing (toe off) Accelerate mass Long flexors of digits Flexor hallucis longus;
    flexor digitorum longus

    Preserve arches of foot; Intrinsic muscles of foot Adductor hallucis


    fix forefoot

    Long tendons of foot Tibialis posterior; long


    flexors of digits

    Decelerate thigh; Flexor of hip (eccentric Iliopsoas; rectus femoris


    prepare for swing contraction)
    SWING PHASE

    Phase of Gait Mechanical Goals Active Muscle Groups Examples


    Initial swing Accelerate thigh; vary Flexor of hip (concentric Iliopsoas; rectus
    cadence contraction) femoris

    Clear foot Ankle dorsiflexors Tibialis anterior

    Midswing Clear foot Ankle dorsiflexors Tibialis anterior


    SWING PHASE

    Phase of Gait Mechanical Goals Active Muscle Groups Examples


    Terminal swing Decelerate thigh Hip extensors (eccentric Gluteus maximus;
    contraction) hamstrings

    Decelerate leg Knee flexors (eccentric Hamstrings


    contraction)

    Position foot Ankle dorsiflexors Tibialis anterior

    Extend knee to place Knee extensors Quadriceps


    foot (control stride);
    prepare for contact

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