6 Underlying Principles of Distributed - System
6 Underlying Principles of Distributed - System
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Course Outcome
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Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Cloud Computing – Definition of Cloud – Evolution
of Cloud Computing –Underlying Principles of Parallel and
Distributed Computing – Cloud Characteristics – Elasticity in Cloud
– On Demand Provisioning
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Architectural Styles for
Distributed Computing
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System Architectural Styles
(Client-Server)
• The client-server model features two major components:
Server
Client
• These two components interact with each other through a network connection by using a given
protocol.
• Communication is unidirectional
• Thin-client Model: The load of data processing and transformation is put on the server side
• Fat-client Model: The client component is also responsible for processing and transforming the
data before returning it back to the user. Server is lightweight-->Managing the accessed data
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Client Server Model
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Two-tier Architecture
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Three-tier Architecture/N-tier Architecture
• The three-tier architecture separates the presentation of data, the
application logic, and the data storage into three tiers.
• More scalable
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Peer-to-Peer
•
All the components, called peers, play the same role and incorporate
both the client and server capabilities of the previous model.
• Each peer acts as a server when it processes requests from other
peers and as a client when it issues requests to other peers.
Eg: file sharing applications such as Gnutella, BitTorrent, and Kazaa
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Peer-to-Peer model
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Models for Inter-Process Communication
1. Message-based Communication:
The entities exchanging information explicitly encode, in the form of
message, the data to be exchanged.
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3.Distributed Objects
• Each process registers a set of interfaces that are accessible remotely.
• Client processes can request a pointer to these interfaces and invoke the
methods available through them.
• The communication between the caller and the remote process is made
through messages.
• Stateless by design
• Eg: Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA),
Component Object Model (COM, DCOM and COM+), Java Remote
Method Invocation (RMI ), and .NET Remoting.
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4.Distributed Agents and Active Objects
•Objects have their own control thread, which allows them to carry out
their activity.
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5.Web Services
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Models for Message-based Communication
Point-to-Point Message Model:
•Each message is sent from one component to another.
•We have a direct addressing to identify the message receiver.
•It is necessary to know the location or how to address another
component in the system.
Two major sub-categories:
1.Direct communication: The message is sent directly to the
receiver and processed at the time of reception.
2.Queue-based communication: The receiver maintains a
message queue where the messages received are placed for later
processing. 15
Publish-Subscribe Message Model
• Based on notification among components.
• Specific conditions holding true on the publisher side can trigger the
creation of messages which are attached to a specific event.
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Push & Pull Strategy
Push Strategy:
•It is the responsibility of the publisher to notify all the subscribers, for
Pull Strategy:
•The publisher simply makes available the message for a specific event.
•
It is the responsibility of the subscribers to check whether there are
messages on the events that are registered.
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Request-Reply Message Model
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Why it is required?
• With the increased use of computers , Scientists face two crucial issues
today
• Naming
• Communication
• Software structure
• System architecture
• Workload allocation
• Consistency maintenance
Ans: C
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Time To Think (T2T)
In which of the following style new clients can be added easily? (BT
Level- Remember)
a) Data Flow Architecture
b) Call and Return Architecture
c) Data Centered Architectures
d) None of the mentioned
Ans: C
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