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Sight Distance

Sight distance is the length of unobstructed view available to a driver. There are different types of sight distance that must be considered for safe road design, including stopping sight distance, intermediate sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and headlight sight distance. Each type has elements like driver eye height, object height, design speed, and vehicle type. Sight distance has two components: reaction distance traveled during perception and decision making, and braking distance required to slow down and stop. Formulas are provided to calculate these distances based on factors like speed, reaction time, friction, and grade. Two sample problems demonstrate calculating stopping sight distance and minimum sight distance to avoid a head-on collision.

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168 views8 pages

Sight Distance

Sight distance is the length of unobstructed view available to a driver. There are different types of sight distance that must be considered for safe road design, including stopping sight distance, intermediate sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and headlight sight distance. Each type has elements like driver eye height, object height, design speed, and vehicle type. Sight distance has two components: reaction distance traveled during perception and decision making, and braking distance required to slow down and stop. Formulas are provided to calculate these distances based on factors like speed, reaction time, friction, and grade. Two sample problems demonstrate calculating stopping sight distance and minimum sight distance to avoid a head-on collision.

Uploaded by

Xzk Mallabo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIGHT

DISTANCE
It is the length of unobstructed view of the driver. It is crucial in the design of roads
since visibility is one of the key factors for it to be safe and efficient.
TYPES OF SIGHT
DISTANCE
The following are the sight distance situation that are considered for design:

1 STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (SSD)


- Also known as the Absolute Minimum Sight Distance.

2 INTERMEDIATE SIGHT DISTANCE (ISD)


- Define as twice the SSD.

3 OVERTAKING SIGHT DISTANCE (OSD)


- Defined as the right distance required for a safe passing of vehicles.

4 HEADLIGHT SIGHT DISTANCE (HSD)


- The distance visible to a driver during night under the illumination of the head
lights.
SIGHT DISTANCE
ELEMENTS
Each type of sight distance consists of three elements.

1 DRIVER EYE HEIGHT


- Observed eye height of the driver

2 OBJECT HEIGHT
- Possible object in the path of the vehicle

3 DESIGN SPEED

4 VEHICLE TYPE
TWO COMPONENTS OF SIGHT
DISTANCE
1 REACTION DISTANCE – the distance traveled while the driver perceives a hazard,
decides to take action, then acts by starting to apply the brakes
to start slowing down. It depends on the reaction time from the instant
that the hazard comes into view, to the instant that the driver applies
the brakes.

𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 , 𝒅𝟏 =𝒗𝒕

NOTE : The reaction time to be used for road safety design is 2.5 seconds, and its applied to the whole
range of design speed.
TWO COMPONENTS OF SIGHT
DISTANCE
2 BRAKING DISTANCE – the distance required for the vehicle to slow down and stop. From
rectilinear motion, the distance taken as,

𝟐
𝒗
𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 , 𝒅 𝟐=
𝟐 𝒈 ( 𝒇 ± 𝑮)

Where ,v = velocity in m/s


g = gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s
f = coefficient of longitudinal friction between the tire and roadway
G = grade of the roadway; uphill (+), downhill (-)

Additional Formulas:

deceleration (a) =
breaking time,
brake efficiency =
𝟐
𝒗
𝑺𝑺𝑫 =𝒗𝒕 +
𝟐 𝒈( 𝒇 ± 𝑮)

Tree?
V= 0

𝟐
𝒅𝟏 =𝒗𝒕 𝒅𝟐 =
𝒗
𝟐 𝒈( 𝒇 ± 𝑮)
PROBLEM NO. 1
Given f = 0.37 and t = 2.5 seconds. Calculate the stopping sight distance for a speed of 50
kph.

1. Two-way traffic in a two lane road


2. Two-way traffic in a single road
PROBLEM NO. 2
Find the minimum sight distance to avoid a head-on collision of two (2) cars approaching at
90 kph and 60 kph on a inclined road. The first car is moving uphill while the second is
moving downhill. Given t = 2.5 s, f = 0.70 , G = -2% and a break efficiency of 50% in either
vehicle.

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