LTE Introduction Altiostar

LTE Introduction
Company Proprietary and Confidential PAGE 1

Overview
• System Overview
– PHY Concepts
• L1 / L2 / L3 operations and procedures
• LTE Advanced
• Proprietary algorithms

3
System Overview

System Introduction
• LTE – Long Term Evolution based on the 3GPP Release 8
– Based on evolution of existing 3GPP networks (GSM, HSPA)
– Revisions include Release 10 (LTE-A) and going to Release 12
• OFDM based PHY

– Scalable BW
• 20 MHz, 15 MHz, 10MHz, 5 MHz, 3.4 MHz, 1.4 MHz
– SC-FDMA for Uplink (for reduction of PAPR)
• Terminology
– eNB (Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Node B)
– UE (User Equipment)
• Duplex
– FDD
– TDD
– Half FDD
• Modem does not transmit and receive at same time
• Coexistence
– Handover to UTRAN and GERAN

System Introduction – contd.
UE Category Max DL Rate # of DL Max UL Rate Support of UL Comments
(Mbps) Spatial Data (Mbps) 64-QAM
Streams
1 10 1 5 No
2 50 2 25 No
3 100 2 50 No Release 8/9

4 150 2 50 No
5 300 4 75 Yes
6 300 2 or 4 50 No
Release 10
7 300 2 or 4 100 No (Carrier Aggregation
on same duplex)
8 300 8 150 Yes
9 450 2 or 4 50 No
Release 12
10 450 2 or 4 100 No (Carrier Aggregation
across Duplex
FDD+TDD)

Frame structure
• Frame Structure 1 (FDD)
– Each Radio frame is 10ms long and consists of 20 slots of 0.5ms
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
• Frame Structure 2 (TDD)

– Each radio frame consists of 2 half frames of 5 ms each
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
One subframe,
30720Ts
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

Frame structure – contd.
• FDD
– Uplink occupies different carrier
– Overall frame structure and duration in DL and UL are same
• TDD
– Uplink and Downlink are on same carrier frequency and bandwidth
– Different subframes are for Downlink and Uplink
– Special subframes (with DwPTS, GP and UpPTS) are introduced to allow Rx-Tx gaps and for special pilots.
Determines the cell radius supported.
• OFDM System
– The OFDM sub-carrier spacing is f = 15 kHz. Ts = 1/ (2048  f)
– Sampling rate: ½ x 3.84 Msps all the way up to 8 x 3.84 Msps
– Symbol time of ~ 71.4us

PHY concepts
• OFDM
– Improved spectral efficiency over multi-
carrier
– Simpler equalization, requires cyclic prefix
– Issue of Peak-to-average-Ratio (PAPR)
• IFFT: Linear combination of equal power
complex numbers
• Slightly mitigated with SC-FDM
– Cyclic Prefix can vary to support
deployment scenarios
*Figures courtesy web-search

PHY concepts – contd.
*Figures courtesy web-search

PHY concepts – contd.
Transmitted constellation
Impact of channel – scaling

and rotation
• Channel rotates and scales the transmitted

constellations Impact of receiver noise
• At receiver noise addition adds to detection
errors
• OFDM allows on a tone by tone to rescale the
received symbols and perform the detection,
thereby reducing equalization complexity
(Time domain techniques like DFE are
complex)

Channels
BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH
Downlink
Transport channels
Downlink
Physical channels
PBCH PMCH PDSCH PDCCH
Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP • RRC
Security Security Security Security
– Broadcast of System Info
– Paging
Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. – Est., maintain, release
RLC ... ... Segm. Segm.
ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc ARQ etc CCCH BCCH PCCH UE connections
Logical Channels
MTCH MCCH – Mobility
– QoS management
Unicast Scheduling / Priority Handling MBMS Scheduling
– RRC_IDLE &
RRC_CONNECTED
MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn Multiplexing
HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels

12
Technical specifications
• Major groups
– 36.1xx Radio specifications
– 36.2xx Layer 1 (PHY)
– 36.3xx Layer 2 (MAC, RLC, PDCP) and
Layer 3 (RRC) signaling
– 36.4xx Network signaling
• Specs can be downloaded at

– http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-
series.htm

13
L1 / L2 / L3 operations and procedures

DL Physical Channels
Overview
• System information (bandwidth, frame number)
– Provided by PBCH(Physical Broadcast Channel)
– Once per radio frame, whose content changes once in 4 radio frames
• Control information on allocation of data

– Provided every subframe (control region in beginning of subframes)
– PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) to tell duration of control region
– PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) to given information on data in subframe and how it is modulated
• Control information for UE’s Uplink traffic

– PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)
• Data
– Allocated in data region
– PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) and PMCH (Physical Multicast Channel)
– Also carriers control information from higher layers
• Physical Signals
– Do not carry information from higher layers
– Reference signal
– Synchronization signal

Downlink Slot structure
One downlink slot Tslot
• The transmitted signal in each slot is described by

a resource grid of subcarriers N RB N sc and N symb
DL RB DL
OFDM symbols
DL
N symb OFDM symbols
• For multi-antenna transmission, there is one grid
DL RB
k  N RB N sc  1 defined per antenna port
• An antenna port is defined by its associated
reference signal embedded inside the resource
Resource block
DL
N symb  N scRB resource elements
grid
• Cell-Specific (all users), the antenna port number p
can be for 1, 2 or 4 Tx modes
•
subcarriers
MBSFN reference signals, associated with port 4

RB
RB  N sc
subcarriers
for MBSFN transmission

DL
RB
N
N sc
Resource element (k , l )
• UE-specific (BF mode) reference signals are
transmitted on antenna port 5, {7 and/or 8}
• Physical Synchonization signals
– Primary Sync Signal (PSS) and Secondary Sync Signal help
in eNB detection and initial cell procedures
k 0 p5
DL
l0 l  N symb 1

Synchronization Signals and
PBCH
• Primary Synchronization Signal

– 2 PSS in radio frame for TDD and FDD
– Both PSS are same in the radio frame
– Help UE to estimate the 5 ms timing
• Secondary Synchronization Signal

– 2 SSS in radio frame
– Estimate 1 ms boundary as both SSS in the frame are different
• Use the difference to detect TDD / FDD

• PBCH also in center 6 RBs to allow BW agnostic detection of LTE Ntw.

Downlink Physical Channel
Processing
• The general steps for all physical channel are
– Data from higher layer is encoded by schemes for each channel (base rate 1/3 turbo coding for
PDSCH). Encoded data is called codewords.
– Any coding rate can be achieved by the rate matching block which is a circular buffer read many
times
– scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
– modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
– mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
– precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the
antenna ports
– mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
– generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
– Resource allocation in a subframe for an UE is obtained from decoding the PDCCH in that
subframe
– DCI can assign resources in Type 0, Type 1 (localized) or Type 2 (localized or distributed)
methods.
code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

Scrambling mapper
mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling mapper
mapper generation

MIMO Modes
• Different RBs allocated to different UEs
in different MIMO transmission schemes
• Support for 2x2 or 4x2
• TM2
– Alamouti coding for Tx Diversity. Only 1 layer
• TM3
– Open loop Spatial multiplexing. 1 or 2 layers.
Diversity achieved by rotation of precoders
• TM4
– Closed loop Spatial multiplexing. 1 or 2 layers
with precoder feedback from UE
– Ideal for low mobility scenarios and give
significant benefit. Benefits reduce with
reporting delays.
• TM7/8
– UE specific DMRS ports used with single layer
or 2 layer transmission
– No precoders, but eNB can decide on any
beamforming on those RBs to achieve higher
capacity or interference mitigation.
– Beamforming can be based on UL Sounding
in TDD

Multicast and Broadcast
Services
• Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) is
characterized by broadcast in the entire coverage
area of the cell
R4
R4 R4
• Transmission R4
R4
R4
– PMCH is always sent with Extended Cyclic R4
R4 R4
– Uses single antenna scheme R4
– Layer mapping and precoding done on port 4 R4 R4
– Information on subframes containing PMCH are sent through R4
R4 R4
System Information by the cell R4
– up to two of the OFDM symbols of a subframe in beginning R4 R4
can be reserved for non-MBSFN transmission and shall not l0 l  5l  0 l 5

even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
be used for PMCH transmission
– For extended CP mode only. Have lower spacing to support Antenna port 4
higher selectivity

UL Overview
• Physical Channels
– Set of Resource elements carrying information for higher layers
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel, PUSCH
– Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH
– Physical Random Access Channel, PRACH
• Physical Signals
– Used by physical layer and do not carry higher layer information
– Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS)
– Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)

PUSCH
DFT
Bits from
CRC, Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA
encoding, Scrambling element mapper
mapper precoder signal gen.
interleaving
(PHY
functions)
UL IFFT and ½
Only over allocation tone shift
Allocated from DCI0 [No DC
BW null]
• DFT over allocated BW allows SingleCarrier-FDM. This reduces PAPR by 3-4

dB. This helps in aggressive PowerAmplified designs
• Frequency hopping can be used to get frequency diversity benefit

Sounding Reference Signal
(SRS)
• Used for channel sounding
– Exists for FDD and TDD modes
– TDD: With channel reciprocity, we can use information for DL beamforming
– FDD/TDD: Use UL channel information for UL selective allocations
– Additional channel for improving accuracy of UE timing
• UE is assigned a periodicity for transmission of SRS and a subframe offset. When
this matches a cell SRS-subframe, the UE transmits SRS.
• Sequence is mapped on alternating tones from an offset start tone and also hopped
across allocations
• Usage of instantaneous channel statistics for optimal SRS receiver
• Multiple BW configurations are available
• Cell chooses one configuration and each UE is assigned a BW within that
configuration
40 RBs
UE #1 20 RBs
4 RBs UE #2 UE #3
UE #1 UE #2 UE #3
UE #2 UE #3 UE #1
UE #1 UE #2 UE #3
UE #2 UE #3 UE #1

Medium Access Control
• MAC provides services to RLC in the form of logical Channel
– The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): Contains system information
– The Paging Control Chanel (PCCH): Used for Paging
– The Common Control Channel (CCCH): Used for Signaling radio bearer
– The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) : Used for PDCCH
– The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Used for dedicated data
– The Multicast Control Channel (MCCH): Multicast control channel
– The Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH): Used for DL transmission of MBMS services
• MAC uses services from the physical layer in the form of Transport
Channel
– The Broadcast Channel (BCH) : Used for transmission of BCCH
– The Paging Channel (PCH): Used for transmission of PCCH
– The Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH): Used for transmission of DL data
– The Multicast Channel (MCH): Used for multicast data
– The Uplink shared Channel (UL-SCH) : Used for UL data

Medium Access Control

UE Random Access
Procedure
• Each random access preamble occupies a
bandwidth corresponding to 6 consecutive resource
blocks for both TDD and FDD.
• Step1: UE transmits random access preamble
using either groupA or groupB premables
• Step2: eNB responds with random access
response with timing correction, temporary C-RNTI.
• Step3: UE sends Msg3 for contention resolution. It
provides either C-RNTI or Temporary C-RNTI or
unique UE identity
• Step4: Contention resolution message by eNB
confirming the C-RNTI.

Scheduling
• In DL: PDCCH contains the control information needed to
locate PDSCH region. It also includes what modulation and
coding to be used.
– DL retransmissions are asynchronous and adaptive
n n+4 n +8 n+12 n+16
PDCCH and HARQ HARQ

PDSCH allocation ACK/NACK Rerransmission
• In UL: PDCCH contains the grant information for the PUSCH

region. It also includes what modulation and coding to be
used.
– UL retransmissions are synchronous and non-adaptive or adaptive
n n+4 n +8 n+12 n+16
PUSCH HARQ PUSCH

PDCCH for UL grant
transmission ACK/NACK retransmission

HARQ
• In FDD, 8 HARQ processes per UE in each direction. It is
linked to the RTT of the system
• Two types of HARQ combining is allowed in LTE: Chase
combining and IR
Example of Chase Combining Example of Incremental Redundancy

Semi-persistent Scheduling
• UE is given a fixed resource in DL or UL periodically,
where PDCCH is used to indicate the start and end of
the semi-persistent schedule.
• SPS is beneficial in VoIP traffic where PDCCH can be
loaded due to smaller packet size
– Typical VoIP traffic 324 bits every 20 ms with 50% ON duration
• SPS trade-off: FSS benefits are forgone. No fast
adaptive modulation coding is possible
– SPS is not suitable for data where throughput is more important
• SPS Release:
– Explicit PDCCH: It needs to be ACKed since misdetection of SPS
release can result in resource wastage
– UL supports implicit release

CQI reporting
PMI Feedback
• UE measures the DL channel quality and reports it Type
Single
as Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) No PMI PMI
Feedback
Periodic CQI reporting Wideband
Mode
1-0
Mode
1-1
(wideband
– Reported on PUCCH or PUSCH CQI)
– UE reports wideband/subband CQI periodically Mode Mode
Type
– PMI is reported alongwith wideband CQI UE Selected 2-0 2-1
PUCCH CQI
RI reporting period is multiple of wideband CQI reporting
period
PMI Feedback Type
(subband CQI)
• Aperiodic CQI reporting No
PMI
Single
PMI
Multiple
PMI
– Reported only on PUSCH
Feedback Type
Mode
– Mode 1-2: Single wideband CQI, PMI for each subband Wideband 1-2
– Mode 2-x: UE selects preferred M subbands, report CQI (wideband
CQI)
value for M subbands and wideband, report PMI for M
subbands and wideband. Mode Mode
UE Selected 2-0 2-2
– Mode 3-x: report a wideband CQI, subband report on all (subband
the subbands, report a single PMI value CQI)
PUSCH CQI
Higher Layer- Mode Mode
configured 3-0 3-1
(subband
CQI)

DRX
• UE is allowed to monitor PDCCH discontinuously
• Active time includes:

– ON duration timer, drx-Inactivity timer, drx-retransmission timer or Mac-
contention resolution timer
– SR has been sent previously for which response is pending
– UL HARQ retransmission
• Provision of short DRX and long DRX where after multiple of

short DRX cycles with no data UE enters in long DRX
On Duration Opportunity for DRX

UE shall monitor
PDCCH
DRX Cycle

Radio Link Control
• RLC is responsible for the in-sequence delivery to
the higher layer
• RCL is responsible for the segmentation or
concatenation and reassembly of higher layer
packets
• RLC Transparent Mode (TM): RLC is transparent
and does not add any overhead and does not add
any functionality
• RLC Unacknowledgement Mode (UM): Performs
all RLC functionality except the reliability i.e. there
is no feedback channel from UE to eNB
• RLC Acknowledgement Mode (AM): Performs all
RLC functionality with the reliability i.e. there is
feedback channel from UE to eNB using status
PDU, polling

Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
• PDCP handles RRC messages in control plane and IP packets
in user plane
• PDCP performs header compression using ROHC
• Security functions:
– ciphering and deciphering
– Integrity protection
• Handover support function: In sequence delivery and
reordering of PDUs during the handover

End-to-End QoS enforcement in LTE
Application / Service Layer
Traffic Flow Aggregates

DL-PF S1-TE-ID DL-PF TNL QoS
Traffic Flow Aggregates
Every EPS bearer
UL Packet Filter
RB-ID S1-TE-ID DL Packet Filter has 2 main attributes
UL-PF RB-ID
DL Packet Filter 1. QCI (1-9) - can determine
relative priority, packet delay,
error rate
UE eNB Serving GW PDN GW 2. GBR (QCI 1-4)
S1-TE-ID TNL QoS
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer IP Transport Leg

34
LTE Advanced
enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Co-ordination (eICIC)

Carrier Aggregation
Co-ordinated Multipoint (CoMP)
iBBU
iRRH 1
ANI CRAN Non-Ideal Front-Haul
iRRH 2 iRRH 3

Enhanced Interference Co-ordination for Interference Cancellation (eICIC) for HetNets
• Several factors determine load in Micro cells

– Macro - Micro Transmission power disparity Macro cell subframes
UE 1 UE 1 UE 1 ABS UE 1 UE 1 UE 1
– Number of Micros in Macro area ABS
– Number of users in Macro area Macro eNB
– Hotspot / Random deployment

– “Natural” footprint of Microcell is too small Micro eNB
• CRE > 0dB for efficient Hetnet operation UE 3

UE 1
CRE XdB
– Offloads traffic from Macrocells CRE 0dB
• Range-extended users will be victimized UE 2
without ABS protection mechanism Micro cell subframes
UE 3 UE 3 UE 3 UE2 UE 3 UE 3 UE 3
• ABS comes at cost of Macro spectral efficiency
UE2
• Clear trade-off between CRE and ABS

setting
– Can be configured pseudo-statically
– Can dynamically adapt based on changing traffic
conditions

Carrier Aggregation: Overview
• CA allows operators to efficiently utilize
staggered spectrum -> Component
Carriers (CC)
• Individual CC can be any of allowed
LTE bandwidths
• All CCs are backward compatible; have
unique PCID
– Transmit CRS/PSS/SSS and allow R9
UEs to camp
• Cell to which UE attaches is Primary
Cell (PCell)
• User can attach to one more SCell
– Base configuration support is 2 DL
carriers
• UE’s C-RNTI same on PCell and SCell
• PCell carries RRC, NAS signaling, Effect of NIF on Carrier Aggregation
system information • RLC/PDCP context need to be coordinated
• UE can send UL control only on across PCell and SCell
PCell • UL control needs to be transferred from PCell to
• CA feature is transparent above MAC SCell

DL Carrier Aggregation
deployment options F1
F2
– Intra-band Carrier Aggregation
– Inter-band Carrier Aggregation

F1
• Independent CA operation F2
• Pcell always the coverage layer
• Strong macro-pico interference
– Multi-site Carrier Aggregation F1

• Simply add a pico cell layer F2
PCell
• Both frequencies can be fully utilized SCell
• At low load cell edge UEs can double
throughput
*Figures courtesy PLM
37LTE-A Carrier Aggregation

Release 11
Co-ordinated Multipoint
– DPB
– DPS
– CS

Dynamic Point Blanking
• iBBU
Simple scheme to exploit short-term Muting Pattern
traffic imbalance across sectors
– Idle and Busy times for internet traffic PRB index
Time
need not be aligned across cells Metric
• Individual iRRH computes the Additional iRRH 1
benefit metric of muting a muting
neighboring cell Reduced

muting iRRH 2 iRRH 3
• CoMP Co-ordination Function (CCF)
in the iBBU
– Collates the benefit metrics
– Computes muting pattern for all cells Effect of NIF on DPS
in the co-operating cluster
• No impact: FH delay is expected
Involves slow time-scale interaction to be much lower than algorithm
with neighbors (~100ms) time-scale

Dynamic Point Selection
• Si: Signal strength from cell i
• Changes with time
Cell-switching • Reported by the UE to the Primary Cell
decision • DCS allows UE to receive from cell with
iRRH 1 highest SINR
iBBU • 3GPP allows switching as frequently as every
S 1ms
• Solution will Predict the improvement in spectral
1
Metric
efficiency of each user when moved to another
S3
cell
S2 • Decision to switch made in iBBU
iRRH 2
iRRH 3
Effect of NIF on DCS

• Only 1 Transmission Point (TP) can transmit
to the UE at a time – switching at slow time
scale
• Data forwarding via iBBU after TP switch
• CSI, A/N feedback need to be forwarded from
Primary TP to Serving TP

Co-ordinated Beamforming
• Align scheduling decisions and
beamforming weights across multiple cells
iRRH 1
• Minimize interference but still utilize
resources for serving users
w1
• Approach
• Choose beamforming weights w2 and w3 such that
interference generated to cell 1 is “nulled”
w2 w3 • Enough #antennas at the transmitter
iRRH 2
needed (>=4)
iRRH 3 • Need to precoder selection of the
interfering users
• CSI needs to be exchanged across co-
operating cells at a time scale ~100ms

CoMP schemes:
Relative performance
• DPB: interference suppressed, but portion
of BW muted for neighbor’s benefit
• DPS: chooses the best received SINR

among UE’s CoMP set
• CB: interference to neighbor nulled;

resources can still be used for orthogonal
users

43
Proprietary algorithms

RRM Bucketization
• Scalable solution to handle 700 UEs
• Divide time into buckets where each bucket is of 5ms
• Assign each UE only subset of buckets so that processing per subframe is
limited
• E.g. with 4 buckets and 400 connected Ues, if we assign one bucket per UE, we
have to process 100UEs per subframe
• Admission control
– NGBR: If system is lightly loaded then assign one bucket for the incoming bearer otherwise assign
multiple buckets
– GBR: Estimate how many buckets are needed to meet the UE’s GBR requirement and assign
those buckets
Bucket 0 Bucket 1 Bucket 2 Bucket 3 Bucket 0 Bucket 1
Subframe
Number

Uplink Channel-aware scheduler
• In the Uplink, cell-edge users are power-limited
– Total power needed to be spread across their resource allocation
– In the face of heavy path-loss, only few resource blocks can be allocated
for reliable communication during each scheduling instance
– Very important to schedule cell-edge users on “best” resources of the
user
• Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access mandates that
resources allocated are contiguous
• Finding the best resource blocks for each user is NP-hard problem
• Low-complexity resource allocation in ANI Uplink scheduler

Low complexity UL scheduler example
Ordered
channel
quality
report for
each user
across RBs
ANI solution
Not an exhaustive search
Select users who gain most when current sub-band is
allocated
Final
resource
allocation:
maximizes
spectral
efficiency

Need for Rate Adaptation
Measured SINR
at UE Quantized CQI
Time
Correction Aggressive
from
Estimated SINR
feedback
at eNB
Conservative
Time

Rate Adaptation: How it works?
DL Peak throughput test

UE specific error offset D 90
80
Throughput (Mbps)
added to estimated SINR term 70
60
D = D + dup if ACK 50
40
D - ddown if NAK 30
20
ddown = (1/e – 1) dup 10
0
32 32 32 32 31 30 30 29 28 27 25 23 21 19 18 16 13 11 10 8 6 4
Typical target error rate = 10% SINR (dB)

Advanced Receiver
• Allocations in UL can vary in SINR from subframe to subframe
• Use of dynamic selection of optimal receiver
• Optimal Channel estimation

– Usage of UL channel statistics (SINR, frequency correlation) for optimal CE selection
• Enhanced doppler measurement for transmission mode selection

DL Power control
• Semi-static configuration of Pa and Pb
• Optimal values determined via simulations to take into account Tx
power constraint and UE receiver issues
• Updates for scheduler based UE specific Pa

Handover
• Performance metrics
– Handover delay
Event Trigger
UE Sends measurement
report with periodicity – – Handover trigger delay
Configuration to UE MeasurementPeriod
– Call drop rate
1. UE rach and establish
with neighbor – Ping-pongs
2. HO process complete
Entering Criteria and UE handed off to
neighbor
• UE measurements
– RSRP – raw input
1. Serving eNB decides on power; includes
the target eNB
2. Serving eNB initiated
interference
HO process with target – RSRQ – function of load
neighbor
and SINR
TimeToTrigger

HO Optimization -Simulations
and process • Need to support mixed
freq. deployments
• RSRQ varies a lot with

load
• Based on deployment,
intra- may happen at
very high RSRP. To
avoid this we introduce
a absolute minimum
RSRQ (-12 dB)
• Once that trigger is met

we can check other
available eNBs which
are better than serving
by a certain delta
• For inter- freq the

RSRP need to reach a
certain minimum value
before we check the
RSRQ

HO - Optimized parameters
A2 Trigger : Both reports to be requested from UE and
any one condition to be met.
A2_inter : RSRP at -110 dBm OR RSRQ at -Inf
dB with hysteresis of 0 dB
A2_intra : RSRP at -Inf dBm OR RSRQ at -12
dB with hysteresis of 0 dB
A3 Trigger : RSRP based Generic settings.
A3_inter and A3_intra currently have same
values.
1. TimeToTrigger : [640] ms
2. Filtercoeff : [8]
3. Reporting Periodicity : [640] ms.
4. A3 offset : [2] dB
5. A3 Hysteresis : 1 dB

Thank You

Backup

Uplink overhead reduction
in TDD
• TDD configurations in which UL/DL asymmetry
is pronounced, a single UL subframe will carry
the ACK/NAK for multiple DL subframes
• As HARQ ACK/NAK resources to be used are
implicit, a large number of resources need to be
reserved (as much as 20% for reliable
decoding in a 20MHz system)
• PUSCH can potentially occupy unused HARQ
resources in PUCCH but the resources that are
available is controlled by PDCCH

HARQ resources as function of Sub-frame number
1 RB
contains
18
Ack/Nack
resources
20 RBs
needed
every UL
subframe
to send
just
feedback
=> 20%
overhead!

ANI solution
1. Restricting control symbol overhead in downlink
– Use CFI = 1 for special subframes (get 22 CCEs for scheduling)
• At most 9 symbols available for DL anyway
• Side-benefit of maximizing PDSCH efficiency
– Use CFI=2 for DL-only subframes (get 55 CCEs for DL)
– Use CFI = 3 in DL/UL subframes but restrict start of DL PDCCH to < x CCEs
(default: 55 CCEs => 10 RBs needed for A/N).
2. Decrease/Increase the CCE aggregation level to obtain starting
index in the restricted range
– The allowed aggregation levels are 1,2,4,8
– Starting CCE index is a function of UE’s RNTI, aggregation level and number
of available CCEs
– For UE not selected due to restriction in (1)
• The next highest / lowest aggregation level can be attempted or
• Can be implemented only when power-boost feature is available in next release
Benefits
Up to 50% reduction in overhead RBs for ACK/ NAK
Leads to 10% improvement in uplink spectral efficiency

LTE Introduction Altiostar

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LTE Introduction

Company Proprietary and Confidential PAGE 1

• L1 / L2 / L3 operations and procedures

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• OFDM based PHY

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3 100 2 50 No Release 8/9

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• Frame Structure 2 (TDD)

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

Company Proprietary and Confidential PAGE 6

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*Figures courtesy web-search

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*Figures courtesy web-search

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Impact of channel – scaling

• Channel rotates and scales the transmitted

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ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

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• Specs can be downloaded at

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L1 / L2 / L3 operations and procedures

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• Control information on allocation of data

• Control information for UE’s Uplink traffic

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• The transmitted signal in each slot is described by

MBSFN reference signals, associated with port 4

for MBSFN transmission

Company Proprietary and Confidential PAGE 15

• Primary Synchronization Signal

• Secondary Synchronization Signal

• Use the difference to detect TDD / FDD

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Modulation Resource element OFDM signal

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can be reserved for non-MBSFN transmission and shall not l0 l  5l  0 l 5

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• DFT over allocated BW allows SingleCarrier-FDM. This reduces PAPR by 3-4

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PDCCH and HARQ HARQ

• In UL: PDCCH contains the grant information for the PUSCH

n n+4 n +8 n+12 n+16

PUSCH HARQ PUSCH

Company Proprietary and Confidential PAGE 26

Example of Chase Combining Example of Incremental Redundancy

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