SAFETY share

Mt Morgan
AL Decline Demonstration

Blast pattern for electronic

Base Line design pattern – 70 holes + 5 reamers
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Daveytronic scope for horizontal development

1. Evaluate 2. Conduct 3. Formulate 4. Evaluate

situation analysis strategy strategy

Strategic Assess information Technical Variables that affect Simulate scenarios

from base case drill and retro feedback
objectives analysis drill pattern from GTS global
pattern outcome experience

Primary Conduct preliminary Evaluate base case

objectives situation conditions
assessment

Conduct software
analysis

Establish base case

scenario

Specific Identify client Conduct value,

objectives needs from
profiling and Conduct technical Develop financial
Electronic IS benchmarking modeling plan
capabilities
Solution
Drive client needs Build strategic Evaluate solution
development options
From daveytronic value proposal
perspective
Develop technical
findings
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Variables that affect the performance of a drill pattern

• Drill bit ratio

Drill bit ratio
- Controls the available Surface for develop tensile
Dynamic strain in the reamer void wall
- The more Surface of Dynamic strain, the more
probabilities for succesfully drive tensile failure of
the burden

• Geometrical aspect that controls the broken

Initial practical
volumen for blasthole
burden
- Parameter that relates the distance between the
charged blasthole and the available free face
defined by the reamed compensation holes

Maximum advance
rate

• Is the way in we use the available reamed área on

Initial swelling rate
the drill pattern
- If we break more rock mass tan that we are able to
receive, the blast Will choke and freeze

• The timing is extremely relevant for confined

Appropiate timing for
develop and flush blasting
broken material - The broken rock volumen and the length drill
length are related.
- The timing in wich the free face is developed,
also needs to be considerated
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Schematic flowchart of technical assessment

Practical burden First movement Reamers Burn cut Static energy Damage halos
calculation feasibility geometry excavation profile distribution • Peak particle velocity
• Distance between cut • Swelled broken configuration • Volume breakage per • Explosive energy damage criteria
holes to reamers free volume vs available • Reamers bridge delay ditribution for drill • Halos for damage
face reamers space usage swelling rate pattern probability
• Extracted from the • Probability for next • Flush rate probability
drill pattern succesfull hole firing for reamers scheme
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – First movement breakage feasibility

First movement breakage feasibility definition The most critical aspect of a burn cut is determined by the
probabilitie of the blasthole to succesfully achieves the
breakage and displacement of it’s assigned burden.
In this aspect, it is proposed the following expression to
calculate the relation between the área available from the
reamer hole and the burden to break for the first blasthole
of the delay sequence.
The ratio between the broken área and the available área is
not recommended to exceed 140% of the available reamer
área.
The 140% is related to the swelling rock mass factor
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – First movement breakage feasibility

The first movement breakage feasibility is a manner to quantify the feasibility for the first hole to accomplish the breakage
of it’s assigned burden. This is measured by the ratio between the broken generated volumen and the available reamers
cavity available. This ratio considers the 40% of volume increase due to rock swelling

Base case Drill pattern Modified Drill pattern

1rst breakage feasibility 1rst breakage feasibility
0.06
0.025
Not Recommended
Not Recommended
Recommended
Recommended
0.05
0.02

Broken volume by hole [m3]

Broken volume by hole [m3]

0.04

0.015
0.03

0.01
0.02

0.01 0.005

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Burden [m] Burden [m]
The geometry of blastholes and reamed holes, defined by the base case The geometry defined by the daveytronic drill pattern, breaks less volume to
drill pattern, stablishes the first movement success frequency below succesfully accomodate it into the available space provided by the reamed hole,
increasing the probability of succesfully remove the first burden. Then, this volume
20%, considering the amount of breakage material and the room
can be considered as new available space for subsequent detonation blastholes,
available provided by the compensation holes increasing the overall performance for succesfully develops the burncut designed
volume
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – First movement breakage feasibility

First movement breakage feasibility definition The ramers geometry configuration measures the performance
of the reamers location and the ability for receive the broken
material of the charged holes. This criteria takes into account:
• The distance between reamers (bridge)
• The practical burden of the charged holes towards the
pair of reamers
• The burden & bridge volume vs the available volumen
provided by the reamers scheme
The feasibility matrix, shows the relative critical combinations
for the practical burden & the máximum distance between
reamers recommended

The following tables considers the variation from this

relationships, and how affect the broken volumen as they
change over different configurations.
A practical way to interpretate this variations, would be the
vulnerable that a given drill pattern is to geometry variations
(i.e hole trayectory deviation, poor collar positioning, among
others)
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Reamers geometry configuration for burncut drill pattern

Volume removed by burden & Spacing between reamers - Base case

Se / B 0,2038 0,2167 0,2296 0,2425 0,2554 0,2683 0,2813 0,2942 0,3071 0,3200
0,100 0,0358 0,0494 0,0630 0,0765 0,0901 0,1037 0,1173 0,1309 0,1445 0,1581
0,070 0,0380 0,0522 0,0665 0,0807 0,0949 0,1091 0,1233 0,1376 0,1518 0,1660
0,140 0,0403 0,0551 0,0700 0,0848 0,0997 0,1145 0,1294 0,1442 0,1591 0,1740
0,210 0,0425 0,0580 0,0735 0,0890 0,1045 0,1200 0,1354 0,1509 0,1664 0,1819
0,280 0,0448 0,0609 0,0770 0,0931 0,1093 0,1254 0,1415 0,1576 0,1737 0,1898
0,350 0,0470 0,0638 0,0805 0,0973 0,1140 0,1308 0,1475 0,1643 0,1810 0,1978
0,420 0,0493 0,0667 0,0840 0,1014 0,1188 0,1362 0,1536 0,1710 0,1884 0,2057
0,490 0,0515 0,0695 0,0876 0,1056 0,1236 0,1416 0,1596 0,1777 0,1957 0,2137
0,560 0,0538 0,0724 0,0911 0,1097 0,1284 0,1470 0,1657 0,1843 0,2030 0,2216
0,630 0,0560 0,0753 0,0946 0,1139 0,1332 0,1524 0,1717 0,1910 0,2103 0,2296

Feasibility matrix for practical burden & spacing = 28%

0.63
For the base case, some critical aspect can be observed:
0.56
• The distance between reamers is high. In this particular
0.49
configuration, the reamers need to be treated as individual
Spacing between reamers

0.42
available spaces
0.35
• The practical burden defined for this geometry removes too
0.28
many times the available space to receive it
0.21
• The bridge between reamers also swells, and needs available
0.14
room for displacement
0.07
• The percentage of feasibility practical burden and space
0.00
between reamers, rises to 28%
0.20

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.31

0.32
Practical burden from drill pattern
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Reamers geometry configuration for burncut drill pattern

Volume removed by burden & Spacing between reamers - Daveytronic case

Se / B 0,0821 0,0943 0,1065 0,1186 0,1308 0,1430 0,1552 0,1673 0,1795 0,1917
0,100 0,0146 0,0174 0,0203 0,0232 0,0260 0,0289 0,0318 0,0346 0,0375 0,0404
0,026 0,0167 0,0198 0,0229 0,0260 0,0291 0,0322 0,0352 0,0383 0,0414 0,0445
0,053 0,0188 0,0221 0,0254 0,0288 0,0321 0,0354 0,0387 0,0420 0,0453 0,0487
0,079 0,0209 0,0245 0,0280 0,0316 0,0351 0,0386 0,0422 0,0457 0,0493 0,0528
0,105 0,0231 0,0268 0,0306 0,0344 0,0381 0,0419 0,0456 0,0494 0,0532 0,0569
0,132 0,0252 0,0292 0,0332 0,0371 0,0411 0,0451 0,0491 0,0531 0,0571 0,0611
0,158 0,0273 0,0315 0,0357 0,0399 0,0442 0,0484 0,0526 0,0568 0,0610 0,0652
0,184 0,0294 0,0339 0,0383 0,0427 0,0472 0,0516 0,0560 0,0605 0,0649 0,0694
0,211 0,0315 0,0362 0,0409 0,0455 0,0502 0,0549 0,0595 0,0642 0,0688 0,0735
0,237 0,0337 0,0386 0,0434 0,0483 0,0532 0,0581 0,0630 0,0679 0,0728 0,0776

0.24
Feasibility matrix for practical burden & spacing = 94% For the Daveytronic drill pattern proposed, the main caracteristics are
0.21
• The distance between reamers is conservative for and also can be
0.18
treated as equivalent diameter purposes () for the first blasthole in
sequence
Spacing between reamers

0.16

0.13
• The practical burden defined for this geometry removes material
0.11
that can be received for the reamers available space
• The bridge between reamers also is within the tolerance defined
0.08
by the available space defined by the number and diameter of the
0.05
reamed holes
0.03
• The percentage of feasibility practical burden and space between
0.00
reamers, for tis case, rises to 94%
0.08

0.09

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19
0.11

Practical burden from drill pattern

S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Practical burden calculation method

Practical Burden calculation - Base case drill pattern

Hole ID Reamer 1 Reamer 2 Triangle area (m2) Burden calculated (m)
38 72 75 0,0408 0,204
32 71 72 0,0429 0,2079
38 73 75 0,0410 0,3200
39 73 74 0,0392 0,2527
39 75 73 0,0397 0,3100
33 74 71 0,0407 0,2038

Practical Burden calculation - Daveytronic drill pattern

Hole ID Reamer 1 Reamer 2 Triangle area (m2) Burden calculated (m)
28 62 60 0,0157 0,1897
𝑏1 ∗ 𝑆𝑒 34 61 60 0,0070 0,0845
𝐴 Δ= 25 60 61 0,0138 0,1669
2 31 61 63 0,0159 0,1896
2 ∗ 𝐴Δ 34 62 63 0,0069 0,0821
𝑏 1= 34 62 60 0,0069 0,0832
𝑆𝑒 34 63 61 0,0070 0,0835
35 63 62 0,0161 0,1917

The manner in wich the practical burden is computed relates the área of the triangle generated for the charged
hole, and the pair of reamers that will receive the broken material from the blasthole. If we solve the heigth of
this triangle from the known área, we can approximate the practical burden.
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Base case burncut excavation profile & broken volumen per delay

The ratio between the available

Base case Cut performance - Broken volume per delay Feasibility
25.000 2400%
space and the removed volume
2200% can be optimized, in order to
mantain this ratio in magnitudes
2000%
20.000
1800%

more flexible. In this case the

Voulme ratio usage [%]

1600%

Broken Volume [m3]

15.000 1400%
1200% design can absorbe some
10.000 1000%
800%
operational deviations more
5.000
600% easy.
400%
200%
If this ratio controls the first
0.000
1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0% movement of the burncut, the
Delay [ms]
risk of choking or freezing the
Swelled Volume Cummulative removed volume Cummulative available volume Ratio Vrem./Vavailable blast.

Delay Area removed Vol. Removed Swelled Volume Cummulative removed volume Cummulative available volume Ratio Vrem./Vavailable
1 0,392 1,919 2,686 2,686 0,120 2236%
200 0,386 1,891 2,648 5,334 2,012 132%
400 0,386 1,891 2,648 7,982 3,903 68%
600 0,386 1,891 2,648 10,630 5,794 46%
800 0,383 1,875 2,625 13,256 7,670 34%
1000 0,381 1,869 2,616 15,872 9,538 27%
1200 0,392 1,919 2,686 18,558 11,457 23%
1400 0,398 1,952 2,732 21,291 13,409 20%
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Daveytronic burncut excavation profile & broken volumen per delay

Daveytronic Cut performance - Broken volume per delay Feasibility

14.000 140% For the Daveytronic proposed
12.000 120% drill pattern, the removed
10.000 100% volume for the first stages of the

Volume ratio usage [%]

delay sequence is within the

Broken Volume [m3]

8.000 80%

6.000 60%
140% ratio of removed volume
4.000 40%
versus the available space from
2.000 20%
the free face reamed holes.
In this manner we can expect a
0.000 0%
1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
succesfull first burden, and
Delay [ms]
increase the chance for the
Swelled Volume Cummulative removed volume Cummulative available volume Ratio Vrem./Vavailable
subsequent blastholes to
detonate towards a bigger and
full developed available space
Delay Area removed Vol. Removed Swelled Volume Cummulative removed volume Cummulative available volume Ratio Vrem./Vavailable
1 0,028 0,138 0,194 0,194 0,160 121%
200 0,078 0,382 0,535 0,729 0,542 99%
400 0,079 0,387 0,541 1,270 0,929 58%
600 0,068 0,331 0,464 1,734 1,260 37%
800 0,411 2,012 2,817 4,550 3,272 86%
1000 0,428 2,095 2,933 7,483 5,367 55%
1200 0,429 2,104 2,946 10,429 7,471 39%
1400 0,410 2,010 2,815 13,243 9,481 30%
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Static energy distribution for drill patterns

The static energy distribution shows the available potential energy of the explosive charges, defined by the geometry
stablished by the drill pattern. This indicator is static because consideres the total amount of energy transferred regardless the
blast sequence, in other terms, can be taken as the energy present in the face design área delivered by a simultaneous
initiation. It is usefull to measure the influenced área tath is present due to the overlapping effect of the drilled blastholes
density
Base case Drill pattern Daveytronic Drill pattern

Base
Modificado

The static energy distribution for the base case shows that there is enough In the Daveytronic case, the reduction of the área over 14 [MJ/ton] is
energy acting on the tunnel face área. It also shows that optimization can be evident, mainly because of the ten holes reduction and the subsequent re
achieved re distributing or reducing the amount of blastholes in the cut and distribution of the blastholes in the drill pattern, to afford the less drilled
easers área. From the light Green range it can be expected good density achieved by the base case drill pattern. But it still enough available
fragmentation for rock type averaging density of 2,73 [grs/cc] potential energy in the easers área (over 10 [MJ/ton] to accomplish the
succesfull breakage of the rock, if we consider the same rock density of 2,73
[grs/cc]
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Damage halos peak particle velocitie definition

Peak particle velocity definition

CHARGED HOLE EXPLOSIVE LINEAR PROPAGATION DECAY
DIAMETER DENSITY DENSITY CONSTANT CONSTANT
[in] [g/cc] [kg/m] K [α]
1,75 0,9 1,40 470,00 0,9400

VIBRATION CRITICAL TYPE

RANGE PPV OF
FOR DAMAGE HALOS [mm/s] DAMAGE
Over 4 x PPVc 4800 Crushing zone
Over 1 x PPVc 1200 New fractures creation radius
Over 1/4 x PPVc 300 Dilation of pre existent fracture radius
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Drill patterns damage halos criteria

The criterion of peak particle velocity, is an indicator that describes the thresholds in which a rock mass fails by
exceeding its limit of tensile strength. These thresholds are defined in the ranges of: Zone of intense fracturing, radius
of creation of new fractures and dilatation of pre existing fractures.

Base case Drill pattern Daveytronic Drill pattern

The behavior of the peak particle velocities shows, for the base For the Daveytronic proposed drill pattern, the same relationships
case drill pattern, an adequate interaction for the blastholes applies, regarding the reduction of the blastholes. The behavior of the
green área (practical burden success event) is similar to the base case,
geometry. The green área indicates the range in wich the
but the dilation of pre existent fractures is reduced, representing an
tensile rock mass is exceded, and can be interpretated as a improvement for the final wall induced damage.
succesfull practical burden event.
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – KPI’s summary radar graph

Drill pattern performance Base case Daveytronic Observation Drill pattern performance
Holes charged 70,00 59,00 Base case2 Daveytronic3

Reamer holes 5,00 4,00

Holes charged

Linear drilled meters 367,50 308,70

Geometrical risk factor Reamer holes

Initial practical burden 0,26 0,13

Equivalent void area 0,02 0,02

100%
Hole influence 0,42 0,49 First movement risk factor Linear drilled meters

First movement 0,14 0,08

Amount of desired reamed

holes required by the current
Compensate reamers required 2,00 1,00
geometry, for feasibility
purposes
Flush rate 0% Initial practical burden
Potential space available for the
burden to expand and
Initial burden swelling ratio 212,04 315,38
succesfully develope the
burden assigned
Ratio between the removed
volume and the available space
Flush rate 171,74 219,57
provided for the reamed
equivalent area
Initial burden swelling ratio Equivalent void area

Indicator for the probability of

the geometry of the practical
First movement risk factor 147,09 77,22 burden and the recommended
burden defined by langefors
1.7Φ
Compensate reamers required Hole influence
Probability of the geometry
defined by the equivalent First movement
Geometrical risk factor 111,83 65,64
diameter and the geometry of
the reamed holes (bridge)
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Delay sequence for Daveytronic

The hole time delay sequence is composed of

three zones
1. Burncut: 200 (ms) delay is mantained until
the burncut is fully developed. The practical
meaning of this, is that the blast would be
no longer a “confined” blast, and the first
free face for a “production blasthole”, is
already available.
2. Easers or auxiliary: [15-10](ms)
3. Wall perimeters: Isotiming to increase hole
cooperation
4. Roof & floor perimeter: 5(ms) delay
5. Lifters corners: 100(ms) delay
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Summary for the Daveytronic drill pattern proposed

About the geometry

The practical burden defined for the Daveytronic drill pattern is more conservative in terms of guarantee the succesfull performance
for the first volume movement. This affects the following aspects
Less confinement for the blast process, therefore there are less damage induced to the rock mass, because the blast occurs always towards a
fully developed free face
The available space defined by the geometry of the burncut, defines the overall performance of the drill pattern. In specific, the geometry defined
is always in a range for increase the probability of success for the practical burdens present in the drill pattern
The reduction of 10 blastholes would increase various operational KPI’s, from less linear drilled meters, reduction of unitary drilling
times to achieve full length advance rate, and would generate less rock mass degradating blast events

Parameter Actual Modified

# Holes Charged 70 59
# Reamer holes 5 4
Drilled linear meters 367,5 308,7
Total charge length 294 247,8
Total Mass charged 349,51 290,531
SANFO Mass 60,252 55,036
Blown ANFO mass 260,179 209,42
Cartridge mass 29,083 29,083
Drilling time (hr estimated) 4,148 3,455
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Summary for the Daveytronic drill pattern proposed

This hole reduction also defines

High drill precision
Less tolerance to hole deviation
Burncut paralelism required
Burden efficiency
Máximum burden for 45[mm] blastholes, charged with pneumatic blown ANFO is 1[m], perpendicular to free face angle
The burden calculated for the burncut, is volume sensitive. This volume is controlled by the drilling accuracy along the 2 first quadrant of the
burncut
The máximum probability of success is when this 1 [m] burden has equal or greater volume to expand and fail by tensile fracturing. This is
controlled, also, by the drilling accuracy of the drill pattern design implementation
Of the hole charging
The burden calculated for the burncut easers & auxiliary holes considering ANFO at is optimal performance
The perimeter holes also considers SANFO full performance
The cartridge linear density needs to be constant
S T. M O R G A N S – R U C D E C L I N E P R O J E C T
Drill pattern for electronic initiation – Summary for the Daveytronic drill pattern proposed

Recommendations
Drill accuracy
This process needs to be supervised.
The diameter drilled need to be measured after drilling process finishes (bit wearing)
A scaled photograph of the drilled holes is required to assess the drill implementation factor.
Burden efficiency
Qualify the hole trajectory, with a long tube or straight rod.
The burncut drilling needs to be measured reamers included), controlling the holes distance, length, angle and final diameter drilled
Of the hole charging
The jumbo drilling method, delivers moisturized holes. The high hygroscopic behavior of the ANFO, requires to carefully dry all holes before
charging into the holes. In negative slopes of headings, this conditions get worse, and would require pneumatic power to remove all water
presence, before charge the hole. Only in this environment, ANFO will deliver it's full chemical potential energy
The perimeter holes also considers SANFO full performance, so the same protocol of drying the holes need to be applied,
The cartridge linear density needs to be constant. Tamping charges after each cartridge insertion is a good practice.
General
All blastholes need to be stemmed, with clay or some material suitable for retain some of the pressure generated by the detonation of the charge
A vibration measurement is required, to analyce the overall sequence performance
Questions?