Presented by: suzain manzoor
Roll no: Bft-20-03
Topic’s discussed
•filter aid‘s
•stock’s law
•equipment‘s for sedimentation
FILTER AID’S
Filter-aids are the substances incorporated in the concentration up to 5% to the
high resistance cakes to decrease their resistance and increase filtration
rate..
Characteristics of filter aids:
1) Chemically inert and free from impurities.
O2)Low specific gravity, so remain suspended in liquids
.O3)Porous rather than dense, so that pervious cake can be formed.O
04)Recoverable.
Mechanism of action of filter aid
■ Filter aids impart rigidity and porosity to the cake due to their peculiar irregular shape,
low surface area and narrow particle size distribution. The rigid structure provides
support for the compressible particles in the slurry.
■ AGENTS USED AS FILTER AIDS:
■ Purified talc, keiselghur or diatomaceous earth (pure SiO,).charcoal, kaolin, asbestos.
cellulose and volcano glass (called"Pearlite").
Effects of filter aid concentration on
filtration rate.
■ As the filter-aid concentration increases, rate of filtration increases. At optimum
concentration the rate of filtration is highest. When concentration crosses this point the
rate falls As the filter-aid concentration increases the porosity and thhickness of the cake
increases simultaneously
Application methods of filter aids
■ 1. Body mix method: The filter-aid in the concentration of0.01 - 4% w/ is mixed with
the main slurry to be filtered.
■ 2. Pre-coat method: If the pressure drop is very high then this method is preferred
■ 3. Special pre-coat method: It is used in rotary drum filter.The filter aid slurry is first
filtered. while the scrapper-knife is removed. Once the filter-aid cake (pre-coat) of
desired thickness is formed the main slurry is filtered. This times crapper-knife is fitted,
it scrapes the cake along with a thickness of the pre-coat
■ 👇👇👇
■ https://youtu.be/UOpdUWEFKi4
Stock’s law
■ Stoke’s Law is a mathematical equation that expresses the settling velocities of the small
spherical particles in a fluid medium. The law is derived considering the forces acting on a
particular particle as it sinks through the liquid column under the influence of gravity. The
force that retards a sphere moving through a viscous fluid is directly proportional to the
velocity and the radius of the sphere, and the fluid’s viscosity.
■ Sir George G. Stokes, an English scientist, clearly expressed the viscous drag force F as
■
■ "The viscous force acting on a small sphere falling through a viscous medium is directly
proportional to the radius of sphere (r), its velocity through the fluid (w) and the
coefficient of viscosity of the fluid (n)“
■ Fv = r v n.
■ The constant velocity with which the-body falls through
■ viscous medium is-called terminal velocity.
Derivations of stock’s law
■ https://youtu.be/9W-CPqc4Kt0.
■ EXPLINATION OF BELOW EQUATION :
■ https://youtu.be/4EPwx6M8A3Q
Equipments for sedimentation..
■ What is sedimentation?
■ Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they
are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in
response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration,
or electromagnetism.
■ Sedimentation process
■ Sedimentation is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle out of the
suspension under the effect of gravity. The particles that settle out from the suspension become
sediment, and in water treatment is known as sludge. When a thick layer of sediment continues to
settle, this is known as consolidation. When consolidation of sediment, or sludge, is assisted by
mechanical means then this is known as thickening
■ Sedimentation uses gravitational forces to separate particulate material from fluid streams. The particles are usually
solid, but they can be small liquid droplets, and the fluid can be either a liquid or a gas. Sedimentation is very often
used in the food industry for separating dirt and debris from incoming raw material, crystals from their mother
liquor and dust or product particles from air streams.In sedimentation, particles are falling from rest under the force
of gravity.
■ vm = D2g(rp - rf)/18m
■ Note that above eqn is not dimensionless and so consistent units must be employed throughout. For example, in the
SI system D would be m, g in m s-2, r in kg m-3 and m in N s m-2, and then vm would be in m s-1. Particle
diameters are usually very small and are often measured in microns (micro-metres) = 10-6 m with the symbol
mm.Stoke's Law applies only in streamline flow and strictly only to spherical particles. In the case of spheres the
criterion for streamline flow is that (Re) = 2, and many practical cases occur in the region of streamline flow, or at
least where streamline flow is a reasonable approximation. Where higher values of the Reynolds number are
encountered, more detailed references should be sought,
■
■ https://nzifst.org.nz/resources/unitoperations/mechseparation3.htm
■ https://ceng.tu.edu.iq/ched/images/lectures/chem-lec/st4/c5/lec%2014.pdf
■
■ Thanku……
