‫المؤسسة العامة للتدريب التقني والمهني‬

‫الكلية التقنية بأبها‬

‫قسم التقنية الكهربائية‬

Power System Analysis

Lectures 3-6: Power System Representation
and Per Unit System

Dr. Ahmed Almoraya

Dept. of Electrical Technology
Abha college of Technology
[email protected]
1
Introduction
 It is clear that a detailed representation of each of
the three phases in the system is cumbersome and
can also obscure information about the system.
 A balanced three-phase system is solved as a
single-phase circuit made of one line and the
neutral return; thus a simpler representation.
 Further simplification by omitting the
neutral.

2
 Introduction
 The simplified diagram is called the single-line diagram
or one-line diagram.
 The one-line diagram summarizes the relevant
information about the system for the particular problem
studied.
 For example, relays and circuit breakers are not
important when dealing with a normal state problem.
However, when fault conditions are considered, the
location of relays and circuit breakers is important and
is thus included in the single-line diagram.

3
Introduction
 The International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC), the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), and the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have published a
set of standard symbols for electrical diagrams.
 The main component of a one-line (or single line)
diagram are : Buses, Branches, Loads, Machines,
2 winding Transformers, Switched Shunts, Reactor
and Capacitor Banks.

4
One Line Diagram -
Symbols two-winding
transformer
current transformer

two-winding
voltage transformer
transformer

generator capacitor

bus circuit breaker

transmission line circuit breaker

delta connection fuse

wye connection surge arrestor

static load disconnect

Symbols used in one line diagram (from ANSI and

IEEE) 5
Single-line diagram
 It is important to know the location of points where
a system is connected to ground in order to calculate
the amount of current flow when an unsymmetrical
fault involving ground occurs. The standard symbol
to designate a three-phase Y with the neutral solidly
grounded is shown in Figure below.

G1 T1 T2
G3

G2 Load B

Load A

6
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
 The impedance (Z = R + jX) diagram is converted
from one-line diagram showing the equivalent
circuit of each component of the system.
 It is needed in order to calculate the performance of
a system under load conditions (Load flow studies)
or upon the occurrence of a short circuit (fault
analysis studies).

7
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

1 T1 T2 3

2 Load B

Load A

One-Line Diagram of an Electric Power

System

E1 E2 E3

Generators Load Transformer Transmission Transformer

Load Gen.
1 and 2 T1 Line T2
B
A

Impedance Diagram Corresponding to the One-Line Diagram 3

8
above
 Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

For most components of power system, the value of

resistance is very small compared to that of inductive
reactance.
Thus, by neglecting resistance in the impedance diagram
we can construct reactance diagram
representation for simpler analysis of the system.

9
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
 Reactance (jX) diagram is further simplified
from impedance diagram by omitting
🞑 all static loads,
🞑 all resistances,
🞑 the magnetizing current of each transformer, and
🞑 the capacitance of the transmission line.

E1 E2 E3

Generators Transformer Transmission Transformer Gen. 1

and 2 T1 Line T2
3

Reactance Diagram Corresponding to the One-Line Diagram of

Example 10
 Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
Q1. Obtain impedance and reactance diagram for power
system in Figure shown below.

11
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

Y Y
Y
Y Y

12
 Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
Q2, Convert the one line diagram s h o w n b e l o w into
the impedance diagram?

One line diagram 13

Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

Impedance diagram
14
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams

Reactance diagram

15
Per Unit
System
 In power systems large amounts of power being
transmitted in the range of kilowatts to
megawatts, at different voltage levels.
 As a result, in analysis, it is useful to scale, or
normalize quantities with large physical values
and this is commonly called per unit system in
power system analysis.

16
Per Unit
System
 The per unit system is widely used in the power
system industry to express values of voltages,
currents, powers, and impedances of various
power equipment.
 It is mainly used for transformers and AC
machines
 Per unit system used extensively along with one-
line diagram to further simplify the process.

17
Advantages of P.U.
system
 Transformer equivalent circuit can be simplified
by properly specifying base quantities.
🞑 Give a clear idea of relative magnitudes of various
quantities such as voltage, current, power and
impedance.
🞑 Avoid possibility of making serious calculation error
when referring quantities from one side of
transformer to the other.

18
 Advantages of P.U. system
 Per-unit impedances of electrical equipment of similar type
usually lie within a narrow numerical range when the
equipment ratings are used as base values.
🞑 Manufacturers usually specify the impedances of
machines and transformers in per-unit or percent in
nameplate rating.

 The circuit laws are valid in per unit systems, and the power
and voltage equation are simplified since the factor √3 and 3
are eliminates in the per-unit systems.
 Ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of
complex power system problems.
19
Advantages
 Why Use the Per Unit System Instead of
the Standard SI Units?
 Here are the main reasons for using the per unit
system:
 When values are expressed in pu, the comparison of
electrical quantities with their "normal" values is
straightforward.
 For example, a transient voltage reaching a
maximum of 1.42 pu indicates immediately that
this voltage exceeds the nominal value by 42%.

20
 Advantages
 The values of impedances expressed in pu stay fairly
constant whatever the power and voltage ratings.
 For example, for all transformers in the 3 kVA to 300
kVA power range, the leakage reactance varies
approximately between 0.01 pu and 0.03 pu, whereas
the winding resistances vary between 0.01 pu and
0.005 pu, whatever the nominal voltage. For
transformers in the 300 kVA to 300 MVA range, the
leakage reactance varies approximately between 0.03 pu
and 0.12 pu, whereas the winding resistances vary
between 0.005 pu and 0.002 pu.

21
Advantages
 Similarly, for salient pole synchronous machines,
the synchronous reactance Xd is generally
between
0.60 and 1.50 pu, whereas the subtransient
reactance X'd is generally between 0.20 and 0.50
pu.
 It means that if you do not know the parameters
for a 10 kVA transformer, you are not making a
major error by assuming an average value of 0.02
pu for leakage reactances and 0.0075 pu for
winding resistances.

22
Advantages
 The calculations using the per unit system are
simplified. When all impedances in a multivoltage
power system are expressed on a common power
base and on the nominal voltages of the different
subnetworks, the total impedance in pu seen at one
bus is obtained by simply adding all impedances in
pu, without taking into consideration the transformer
ratios.

23
Per Unit Calculations
 All base values are only magnitude. They are not associated
with any angle.
 The per unit values, however, are phasors.
 The phase angles of the currents and voltages and the power factor
of the circuit are not affected by the conversion to per unit values.
 In general, the per unit value is the ratio of the actual value and
the base value of the same quantity.

actual value
per unit value  base value

 The per unit system values can also be expressed as per cent values.

24
Procedure for Per Unit
Analysis
1. Pick SBase for the system.
2. Pick VBase according to line-to-line
3. Calculate voltage.
Z for different zones.
Base

4. Express all quantities in p.u.

5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u.
quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.

25
 Base value

 Specify the base values of current and voltage, base

impedance, kilovoltamperes can be determined
 Quantities and base value selected voltage, base
value in kilovolts, kV current, base value in
ampere, A

26
 Base values

Generally the following two base values are chosen :

The base power = nominal power of the equipment
The base voltage = nominal voltage of the equipment
The base current and The base impedance are determined by the
natural laws of electrical circuits

27
Base values
 Usually, the nominal apparent power (S) and
nominal voltage (V) are taken as the base values
for power (Sbase) and voltage (Vbase).

 The base values for the current (Ibase) and

impedance (Zbase) can be calculated based on the
first two base values.

28
Per-unit System for 1-  Circuits

PB,1  QB,1  SB,1

I B  SB,1
V
B,LN V2
VB,LN
Z B  RB  X B   B,LN

IB S B,1

29
Base
value
 For single phase system

(base voltage, KVLN )2

Base impedance,  
MVA1
Base power, kW1  base kVA1
Base power, MW1  base MVA1

30
Per-Unit
System
V p.u.  Vactual I p.u.  Iactual
VB IB

S p.u.  Sactual Z p.u.  Zactual

SB ZB

Z %  Z p.u. Percent of base Z

100% 31
Per-unit System for 1- 
Circuits
For actual quantity that has complex
Z
number, Per unit can be expressed as: Z pu   Z
B

Per unit can be expressed in  jX pu

Z pu  Rpu
rectangular form:
 jQpu
S pu  Rpu
Power:
S
S pu  S  pu I *pu
b
V
P I pu cos
P
pu S  pu
b
V
I pu sin
The picture can't be

Q
displayed.

Q pu  S  pu
b
V 32
exercise
 A generator has an impedance of 2.65 ohms. What
is its impedance in per-unit, using bases 500MVA
and 22kV

33
 Per Unit system for 3- Circuits
 In a balanced 3-Φ system, the magnitude of voltages and currents
in every phase, is the same and is displaced by 120o.
 Have the same per unit values for line to line and line to neutral
quantities.
 Make everything look like a single phase circuit.
 Balanced three phase circuits can be solved in per unit on a per
phase basis after converting delta load impedance to equivalent Y
impedance.
 Base value can be selected on a per phase basis or on a three
phase basis.
 To simplify further we can remove the neutral connection, thus
leaving only the live connection as a single line.
 This kind of diagram is called, the single line diagram. 34
Three phase
system

35
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits (Voltage)

 In a three phase system, we have:

V pu  V pu
LL LN

 Consider Y VLL  3VLN

connected:

 So
V pu  V pu
 VLL V
 V LN
: LL LN VB,LL B,LN


VB,LL  3VB,LN
 36
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits (Power)

 In a three phase system, we have:

S pu  S pu
3
1

S3  3S1
 We know:

S pu  S pu
 S 3 S 1
SB,3  SB,1
3
1
 So
: 
SB,3  3SB,1
 37
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits (Current)

 In a three phase system, we

have:

S3  3VLN I LN
*  3VLL I LL
 We know: 

 So:

S pu  V pu I pu

S
S pu
V pu
I pu  
VLL ILL
IB
SB,3 VB,LL

  IB SB,3
 3VB,LL 38
Per Unit system for 3-  Circuits
(Impedance)

39
 Example 1
 Given base kVA for 3 phase systems is 30 000kVA and voltage base
line to line 120kV. Find:

SB,1, VB,LN, VLN, Vpu , Spu

 Given actual line to line voltage is 108kV.

Solution:
Base kVA3Φ = 30,000 kVA
and Base kVLL = 120 kVA
therefore Base kVA 1Φ = 30,000 / 3 = 10,000
kVA

and Base kV LN = 120 / √3 =

For actual line-to-line voltage 108 kV, the line-to-neutral voltage, VLN is 108/ √3 = 62.3
69.2 kVA
40
 Example 1

actual value of thequantity

per unit value of any quantity  based
and
value
Per-unit voltage = 108/120 (3) OR
= 62.3/69.2 (1)
= 0.9pu
For three-phase power of 18,000 kW,
Per-unit power = 18,000/30,000 (3  ) OR
= 6,000/10,000(1)
= 0.6pu

41
 Example 2
Determine the per-unit values of the following single-line diagram and draw the impedance
diagram.
5 MVA 100 MVA 50 MVA
275 kV/132 kV Transmission line 132 kV/66 kV
Xg = 16%
j 3.48 

XT1 = 0.1 p.u XT2 = 0.04 p.u Load

40 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging

Solution:
Chosen base: Always choose the largest rating, therefore Sbase = 100 MVA, V = 66 kV, 132 kV and 275 kV

Per-unit calculations:

Generator G1: Transformer T1:

2
 kVbase OLD  MVAbase NEW
Z NEW   OLD
pu  Z  2

X T 1 ( pu )  0.1 p.u.
 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD

100
X g ( pu )  0.16   0.32 p.u.
50
42
 Example 2
Transmission line TL: Transformer T2:

Z base 
kV base 2
Z pu 
Z actual X T 2 ( pu )  0.04 
100
 0.08 p.u.
50
MVA base Z base

3.4  100
X TL ( pu )   0.0195 p.u.
132 2

Inductive load:

66  10 3
3
Z actual  6
 87 .1236 .87 o 
40  10
3  66  10 3  0.8

87.1236.87 o  100
Z L ( pu )  2
 236.87 o or (1.6  j1.2) p.u.
66

43
 Example 2
Now, we have all the impedance values in per-unit with a common base and we can now combine all the
impedances and determine the overall impedance.
5 MVA 100 MVA 50 MVA
275 kV/132 kV Transmission line 132 kV/66 kV
Xg = 16%
j 3.48 

XT1 = 0.1 p.u XT2 = 0.04 p.u Load

40 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging

Transformer Transmission Line Transformer

T1 TL T2

j 0.1 p.u. j 0.0195 p.u. j 0.08 p.u.

j 0.32 p.u. 1.6 p.u..

Generator Load
G j 1.2 p.u.

44
Change of Base

 The impedance of individual generators &

transformer, are generally in terms of percent/per
unit based on their own ratings.
 Impedance of transmission line in ohmic value
 When pieces of equipment with various different
ratings are connected to a system, it is necessary to
convert their impedances to a per unit value
expressed on the same base.

45
 Change of Base
 In other word, since all impedances in any one part of the a system
must be expressed on the same impedance base when making
computations, it is necessary to have a means of converting per-
unit impedances from one based to another.

Z  Z pu
Z  Z pu
Z
actual new B,new old
B,old

npeuw o lpdu Z
 Z  Z Z BB,,noelwd
2
V
But we always have : Z B 
B

SB

S  V B,old 
2

Z npeuw  Z o l dp u B,new  
S B,old  V B , n e w 
 46
Change of Base
 If VB, new
= VB,old
 So

npeuw o pl du
SB,new
Z  Z S B,old

47
Example 3

The reactance of a generator designated X” is given as 0.25

per unit based on the generator’s nameplate rating of 18 kV,
500 MVA. The base for calculations is 20kV, 100 MVA.
Find X” on the new base

48
Example 3

49
Exercise 1
 Generator rated at 10MVA, 20kV
 XS = 0.9pu on the basis of the generator rating
 Given SB,new =100MVA and VB,new =20kV
new
 Find: X
S

Solution:

50
Exercise 2
 Transformer rated at 10MVA, 33/11kV
 Z = 10% and R = 1%
 Given SB,new=200MVA and VB,new =22kV (HV side
transformer)
 Find: i. Zbase(HV and LV sides)
ii. actual Z and R referred to primary and secondary
iii.Transformer losses in kW, if 0.033 p.u (selected base) of
current flow through R
Solution:

51
Source

How to solve problems containing multiple transformer?

52
Transformer Voltage Base

53
How to Choose Base
Values

?
Divide circuit into zones by
 transformers.
Specify two base values out of IB ,VB , ZB , SB ;
for
example, S
Base and VBase
 Specify voltage base in the ratio of zone line to line
voltage.
V1 :V2 V2 :V3 V3 :V4
Source

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

S VBase 1 VBase VBase 2 VBase 3 VBase 4

I Base  Base Z Base  1
1
VBase 1
1
I Base 1

54
 Example 4
 Given a one line diagram,

Vg  13.2kV
Ig Zline  10  j100
~ Zload  300

5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X 1  0.1p.u. X 2  0.08p.u.

Choosing a base apparent power of 10MVA and a base line

voltage L1 of 69 kV ; find
I Pload
I t-line Iload Vload
g
55
Step 1, 2, and 3: Base Values

56
Step 1, 2, and 3: Base Values

57
 Step 4: All in Per Unit
g
Quantities
V  13.2kV T1 T2
Ig Zline  10  j100
~ Zload  300

5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X 1  0.1p.u. X 2  0.08p.u.

+
-
 Calculate Vg in per unit
Calculate the new reactance for X1 and X2 in per unit
Calculate the impedance in per unit
 Draw the impedance diagram 58
Step 4: All in Per Unit
Quantities

59
Step 5: One Phase Diagram & Solve

Zline,p.u.  5.2510 1

X1,p.u.  j0.183 j10 3
X 2, pu  j0.08

+ Vg,p.u.  0.960
- Zload,p.u.  0.63

0.960
I load,p.u.  Vg,p.u.   1.35 
Z total,p.u. 0.70926.4
26.4
Vload,p.u.  Iload,p.u.Zload,p.u.  0.8505  26.4
S load,p.u.  *
load,p.u. I load,p.u. 
V 1.148
Ig,p.u.  I t-line,p.u.  Iload,p.u.  1.35  26.4
60
 Step 6: Convert back to actual quantities

Vg  13.2kV
Ig Zline  10  j100
~ Zload  300

5 MVA 10 MVA Vload,p.u.  0.8505  26.4

13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X 1  0.1p.u. X 2  0.08p.u. Sload,p.u.  1.148

Ig,p.u.  I t-line,p.u.  Iload,p.u.  1.35  26.4

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

I g  Ig,p.u. I B 1
I t-line  I t-line,p.u. I B 2 Iload  Iload,p.u. I B 3
Vload  Vload,p.u.VB 3

Sload  Sload,p.u.SB 61
1. Per Unit Exam Practice Problem

Using the Per Unit system and taking into account the transformer percent
impedances, solve for the current in each part of the three-phase system
shown below. Assume both transformers are either delta – delta or wye – wye
connected and that there is no phase shift between primary and secondary
current and voltage.

62
Step 1: Separate by Voltage Zones

The usefulness of the per unit system is in converting all system impedances to per
unit impedances and re-drawing the circuit without having to worry about the
different voltage levels from each transformer.
In this example, there are two transformers that divide the system into three
different voltage zones that are created by the stepping up or stepping down of
voltage by each transformer.
The first step is to illustrate this by drawing a straight line through each transformer:

63
 Step 2: Assign Base Values

The next step is to choose the base values for power and voltage.
The base power will be the same in for each zone, but each zone will have a
different base voltage.
For base power, I’ve arbitrarily picked T1’s MVA rating for the system
and the voltage ratios of the transformers for the base voltage in each
zone:

64
Step 3: Calculate Base Impedance for Each Zone

The formula for base impedance is:

We can solve for impedance using voltage and power, and if we use the base voltage
and base power in each zone, then the resulting impedance will be the base
impedance for each zone as shown below:

65
Step 4: Calculate the Per Unit Impedance for Each Zone

we can start calculating the per unit impedances of each system element using the
following formula:

We will start by
calculating the per unit
line impedance and per
unit load impedance first
before we tackle the
transformers.
The line per unit
impedance and load per
unit impedance are
calculated as shown
below:
66
Step 4: Calculate the Per Unit Impedance for Each Zone cont’d

Now that we know the per unit line and load impedances, let’s draw them on
the per unit circuit diagram:

67
Step 5: Calculate the Per Unit Impedance for Transformer T1

In order to complete the above diagram, we’ll need to calculate the per unit
impedances of both transformers T1 and T2.
The catch here is that we don’t know either of the transformer impedances
in ohms, we are instead given their percent impedances.
When you are given the percent impedance of a machine such as a
transformer, generator, or motor, the percent impedance is given in the base
ratings of the machine itself.
This means that in order to calculate the percent impedances of the
transformers, we actually need to
perform a per unit base change using the following formula:

68
Step 5: Calculate the Per Unit Impedance for Transformer T1

In this case, the old base will be the ratings of each transformer,
and the new base will be the new bases we have chosen.
Since we are working with impedances, we will need to plug in
the impedance formula that uses the square of the voltage
divided by power:

In the above formula, S BASE NEW and V BASE NEW will be the chosen
bases of our system and zone, and S BASE OLD and V BASE OLD will be
the transformer voltage and power rating.
69
Step 5: Calculate the Per Unit Impedance for Transformer T1

Transformers have one power rating, so choosing that is easy. However,

they have two voltages, a primary and secondary.
If we use the transformer’s primary voltage for V we will need to use the
base voltage on the primary side of the transformer for VB in the formula
above.
If we use the transformer’s secondary voltage for V then we will need to
use the base voltage on the secondary side of the transformer for VB
instead.
This will be more clear when we work out the math below.
Let’s base change each transformer’s percent impedance one at a time
starting with transformer T1 using the primary voltage rating as V and the
voltage base on the primary side of the transformer for VB:

70
Step 5: Calculate the Per Unit Impedance for Transformer T1

71
Step 6: Calculate the Per Unit Impedance for Transformer T2

72
Step 7: Calculate the Per Unit Current and Per Unit Voltage

Now that we have both per unit impedances let’s fill in the
remaining values in our per unit impedance diagram.
Again, notice that both transformer per unit impedances are
reactive terms and we had to add the “j” multiplier:

73
Step 7: Calculate the Per Unit Current and Per Unit Voltage

Luckily for us, the voltage on our input bus is equal to the base voltage
selected in that zone which simplifies the math since both terms cancel:

74
Step 8: Use Ohm’s Law to Calculate the Per Unit Current

Since the input voltage is equal to the base voltage in zone 1, the per unit voltage
at the source of our per unit impedance diagram is equal to 1.
This greatly simplifies solving for the per unit current which will now equal the
inverse of the total series per unit impedance of the system:

The per unit current will be the same value for each voltage75zone.
Step 9: Calculate the Base Current in Each Zone

Now that we know the per unit current, we can finally calculate the actual
current in each voltage zone by multiplying by the per unit current by
each base current:

76
Step 9: Calculate the Base Current in Each Zone

However, this requires us to know what the base current in each voltage zone is equal
to.
We can calculate it using the chosen base power and the chosen base voltage in each
zone as shown below.
Notice the √3 multiplier since it is a three phase system:

77
Step 10: Calculate the Actual Current in Each Zone

78
Step 10: Calculate the Actual Current in Each Zone

79
Step 11: Check Your Work Using the Transformer Ratios

For a quick check of our work, we can use the transformer voltage ratios to verify our
currents are equal in each zone depending on voltage level.
If we did our work correctly we should get almost the exact same answer for each current
by starting with one and using the transformer ratios to solve for the rest
Let’s start with current I3 and work our way back to I2 and I1:

80
Step 12: The Completed Diagram

81
Exercise 3

82
If a transformer connected in the system

The following items are to be noted when there

is transformer connected in the system:

i. The base parameter for power is applicable for both

sides of the transformer since the transformer ratio
does not affect the power through it.
ii. The base parameter for voltage changes according ot
the transformer ratio.
iii. eg : for a 10/20 kV transformer, if the base voltage at
10 kV is taken as 10 kV, then the base voltage at the
20 kV side should be 20 kV.
83
Transformer impedance in Ohm, referred to the primary
winding is not equal to that referred to the secondary
winding.
As a result, the analysis involving transformer is
complicated since it has to be done by referring all
parameters to either side of the transformer.
However, in per unit representation, the equivalent
impedance values are the same at both sides of the
transformer.

84
To simplify the analysis, assume that the resistance of
the transformer can be neglected.

85
The reactance referred to the primary side is

86
The final equivalent is circuit is as shown
below

87
If the impedance is referred to the secondary :

88
The final equivalent is circuit is as shown
below

89
with base voltage of 10 V and 20 V respectively at the
primary and secondary windings and base power of 100
VA, thus the base reactance at the primary side is

and base reactance at the secondary side is

90
The reactance referred to the primary side in per unit is

91
And the reactance referred to the secondary side is

92
Thus the equivalent circuit in pu
is:

93
Example 5

94
Example 5

95
 Example 6
Find the per unit value for each component and draw the
impedance diagram.

96
Example 6
The base parameters taken for the system, both at
the generator, are:
VL-base = 10 kV.
VA3Φ-base = 100 MVA.

97
Example 6

98
Example 6

99
Example 6
The impedance diagram :

100
Example 7

Find the load current, actual current in every component

and voltage drop in every component if the load voltage is
1pu.

The load current value in per unit is the same throughout

the system.
101
Example 7
The base current value at each component
is

102
Example 7
The actual current value at each component
is

103
Example 7
The voltage drop at every componenr-tUinsit:

104
Example 7
The generated voltage is :

The actual value of the generated voltage is

it can be observed that the generated voltage is far

beyond the nominal voltage. This occurs due to the
excessive voltage drop in the components of the system.
105
Example 7
Question 2.
Repeat the previous by replacing the load with a new value
of 50 + j 100 Ω.

106
Example 7

107
Example 7

108
Example 7

109
Example 8
A three phase generator has the following voltage and
power ratings:
Vbase = 10 kV
VAbase = 50 MVA

Given the impedance of the generator

In Ohm, the impedance

is

110
Example 8
if the following new bases are used,
Vbase-new = 20 kV
VAbase-new = 10 MVA,
Then

Thus, the impedance value in the new

bases

111
Example 8
Given the old base values for voltage and power and the
impedance based on these values,

The new base

values

112
Example 8

Therefore, the impedance value in the new base

is :

113
Example 9

A generator has reactance of 0.25 p.u. based on 18 kV

500 MVA. The generator is connected to a power system
that uses base values of 20 kV 100 MVA. Calculate

i. reactance of the generator in Ohm.

ii. the reactance in per unit based on 20 kV 100
MVA base values.

114
Example 9

115
Example 9

116
Example 9
Data :

Find the new per-unit impedance for each component by

taking 11 kV at the motor side and 100MVA as the new
base.
117
Example 9
The new per unit impedance

118
Exercise 4

119
Example 10
A 3 phase Wye connected load consists of three
impedances, each with a value of 20∠30o Ω. The line
voltage at the load terminal is 4.4 kV. The line impedance
is 1.4 ∠ 75o Ω. Obtain the line voltage at the source end.

120
Example 10

121
Example 10

122
Example 10

123
Example 11

This figure shows a sample of power system network.

Find the current supplied by the generator, the
transmission line current, the load current, the load
voltage and the power consumed by the load. Choose
base 100MVA and 138kV at the line.

124
Example 11

125
Example 11

126
Example 11

127
Example 11

128
Example 11

129
Example 11

130
Example 11

131
Example 12
This figure shows a single line diagram of a network.
Select a common base of 100MVA and 13.8kV on the
generator side. Draw the per unit impedance diagram.

132
Example 12

133
Example 12

134
Example 12

135
Example 12

136
Example 12

137
Example 13
The figure shows a single line diagram of a single phase
circuit.
Using the base value of 3 kVA and 230V.
Draw the per unit circuit diagram.
Also calculate the load current both in per
unit and amperes.

138
Example 13

For generator

For Line

139
Example 13
For load

140
Example 13

141
Example 13

142
Fault
calculation
Per unit calculation is used extensively in fault
calculation. The idea is to convert all quantities to
per unit.
The normal circuit analysis is used to calculate
current and voltage under short-circuit condition.

Xpu= Base MVA/ SC MVA

143
As an example, consider the following
network

144
Changing impedances into pu with 100MVA base,

145
146
QUESTIONS?
147