3 Kikuchi

Flood Hazard Mapping
Project in Asia
August 2003
KIKUCHI Ryosuke
Director of 2nd Research Department
Infrastructure Development Institute - Japan
- Overview of Flood Damage -
Fig.-1 Affected by type of disaster and Fig.-2 Average occurrence and damage of
by period (1973 ～ 1997) natural disasters (1975 ～ 1999)
(Millions)
140
300
EARTHQUAKE
120
250
DROUGHT
100 and FAMINE
200
FLOOD
80
HIGH WIND 150
60
LANDSLIDE 100
40
VOLCAND 50
20 OTHER
0
0 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999
1973 to 1978 to 1983 to 1988 to 1993 to The average The average killed The average affected peaple The average damaged property
1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 occurrence （thousands ／year）（million／year）（billion dollar／year）
Source ： CRED, “World Disasters Report 1999” Source ： Asian Disaster Reduction Center, “Data
book of Asian Natural Disasters in the 20 th Century”
1.Background
Economic growth, urbanization
Explosion of population
Concentration of population and property
People who have never experienced a flood are moving in
increasing numbers to flood-prone areas in many countries.
Residents are less aware of the threat of floods.
They are hardly prepared for floods.
Suffering more serious damage once a flood occurs.
It is time-consuming and costly to construct flood control
facilities to lower the risk of flood damage.
It is advisable to enhance local residents' awareness of the
importance of flood protection efforts concurrently with
the steady development of flood control facilities so that
overall flood damage shall be mitigated.
2. History of Japan
(1) Flood Record Maps
 Published by the Ministry of Construction
 Showing inundated areas during past floods
– With Hyetographs, weather conditions, etc.
 1:25,000 – 1:50,000 base maps
 Delivered to local government offices, and
mass media
 Displayed on the billboards of the offices
Flood Record Map for the Tsurumi River Basin
June, 1966
Sept.,1976
Public Acceptance of Flood
Record Maps
0.1 2.3 1.5
1.7
Meaninful
Unmeanig
Harassed
D.K.
No Ans.
Percentage of
4,781 Answers
94.4
Public Opinion to Flood
Record Map
 Indication of present status rather than past
records was preferred.
(36.9 % of 185 respondents, multiple answer)
 Larger and more detailed map to identify
individual house was demanded. (25.2 %)
 Inundation depth in addition to inundation
area was thought necessary. (24.8 %)
 More records for other floods requested. (8.3
%)
2.History of Japan
(2) Flood Risk Area Map
 Inundation area and depth
 Calculation based on a model storm with
150-year return period
 Compiled for each river basin
 Publication through pamphlets,
municipalities’ PR papers, mass media, etc.
 Map scale of 1:25,000 to 1:50,000
Flood Risk Area Map for the Tsurumi River
Public Acceptance of
Flood Risk Area Maps
0.8 6.1
1.4
Meaninglul
Unmeanig
Harassed
D.K.
Percentage of
91.7
1,883 Answers
Public Opinion to
Flood Risk Area Maps
 More information was needed.
– Larger map for individual municipality
(33 % of 1,799 respondents, multiple answers)
– Inundation areas and depths for more frequent storms
(17 %)
– Evacuation sites and routes (12 %)
 No official protest was made despite prior
concern.
 Necessity of a flood hazard map was confirmed.
3. Definition of Flood Hazard Map
The “Flood Hazard Map” herein referred to is a map that graphically
provides information on inundation, as well as on evacuation in an
easy-to-understand format.
The goal is to quickly evacuate local residents in a safe and proper

manner in the event of floods.
The map is produced and publicized through a joint effort by those in

charge of disaster prevention and those in charge of rivers and
hydrology in the respective local municipalities.
4. Purpose
○ For local residents
-Raise the awareness of the importance of voluntary disaster
prevention efforts and proper evacuation.
- For the prompt and smooth evacuation to avoid injury
○ For local municipalities concerned
-Administrative staff to simulate emergency drills and thus
urges local municipalities to develop disaster prevention and
preparedness countermeasures.
(Evaluate land use plan, road plan, refuge center and etc.)
5. Information in Flood Hazard Map
(1) Information for Evacuation

・ Predicted inundation area, Inundation depth, Flood concentration
time
・ Historical inundation records
・ Areas to be evacuated
・ Location of evacuation places and routes
・ Dangerous spots on evacuation routes
・ Rules to follow in cases of evacuation
・ Communication channels and systems for information on evacuation
・ Issuance criteria for evacuation warnings
5. Information in Flood Hazard Map
(2) Information for educational use

・ Flooding mechanism
・ Topographic features and flooding types
・ Real danger of flood, Predicted extent of damage
・ Meteorological information
・ Past flood records (rainfall, inundation, and damage)
・ Rules to follow in cases of flood
・ Explanation and directions to use flood hazard maps
・ Preparedness against flood
Hazard Map (Sukagawa City)
Inundation depth (m)
Walking in
water is
dangerous
Walking in
water is
possible
Velocity (m/s)
Limits where evacuation on
foot in water is possible
Information in Flood Hazard Map
Information
in Flood
Hazard Map
6. Effectiveness of Flood Hazard Map
According to the questionnaire survey conducted

immediately after the flood, the effectiveness of the Flood
Hazard Maps was satisfactorily verified as stated below:
1) The majority of the local residents referred to the locations

of the refuges on the Flood Hazard Maps, and evacuated to the
proper refuges.
2) The number of evacuees was 1.5 times more for those who
referred to the maps than for those who did not.
3) Residents who referred to the maps commenced evacuation

one hour earlier than those who did not.
Flooding in Koroyama City, August 1998
< Number of evacuees six hours
after notice advice to evacuate >
Number of
evacuees Approximately one hour
1.5 times
Those who did not Those who saw

the Hazard Map Notice to Order to
see the Hazard Map
evacuate evacuate
Source : “Survey Report on Local Residents’ Reaction during the Rainstorm in Koriyama at the End
of August 1988”
Katada Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University
7. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon
Committee
Hazard Mapping Project
ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee
1.Member (14)
Japan, Cambodia, China, The DPR of Korea, Lao PDR, Malay
sia, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Viet
Nam, USA, Hong Kong, Macao
2.Compornent(5)
① Meteorology,
② Hydrology,
③ DPP(Disaster Prevention and Preparedness),
④ Training, and
⑤ Research
The schedule of implementation plan
Time Item Content Note

①Discussions on the operational
Working Group framework for 11 projects
Feb. Done
Meeting in Tokyo ②Discussions on the contents of
workshop in Manila in July 2002
Workshop in
①Discussions on the manuals for
Manila and the 2nd
July producing hazard maps Done
2002 Working Group
② Discussions on the pilot areas
Meeting
The 35th TC General ①Reporting on the project

Meeting and the 3rd implementation
Nov. Done
Working Group ② Determination of the pilot areas to
Meeting in Thailand be adopted
March WWF3 in Japan done
①Preparation and discussions of

inundation record map
Workshop and the
②Discussions on the evacuation
Sept. 4th Working Group
centers and evacuation routes
Meeting in China
2003 ③Discussions on the Warning
and Evacuation System
The 36th TC Session ①Reporting and evaluation of

and the 5th Working project implementation
Nov.
Group Meeting in ②Discussions on the Warning
Malaysia and Evacuation System
①Promulgation
2004 July Workshop Temp.
②Training
①Revision of the Manuals
2005 July Workshop ②Expansion of the projects to Temp.
other river basins
①Discussions on the Warning

2006 July Workshop and Evacuation System Temp.
② The project evaluation.
Pilot projects in Asian Countries(10+2)
Cambodia Republic of Korea

China Thailand
The DPR of Korea Viet Nam
Lao PDR Japan
Malaysia Myanmar (PANEL)
Philippines Pakistan (PANEL)
Concluding Remarks
In Japan and TC countries, the importance of Flood Hazard

Maps has undoubtedly been recognized in recent years, and now
the preparation of the maps is progressing in a positive direction.
It has not been long since their preparation began, and yet
various efforts are devoted to producing more advantageous and
more effective maps.
The experience of producing Flood Hazard Maps in Japan and

TC is hereupon briefly introduced. The respective staffs of the
local municipalities involved are highly expected to make their
utmost efforts, with marked enthusiasm, in preparing reliable
and effective Flood Hazard Maps.
ARIGATO
ありがとう
Thank you for your attention!

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Flood Hazard Mapping

The goal is to quickly evacuate local residents in a safe and proper

The map is produced and publicized through a joint effort by those in

(1) Information for Evacuation

(2) Information for educational use

According to the questionnaire survey conducted

1) The majority of the local residents referred to the locations

3) Residents who referred to the maps commenced evacuation

Those who did not Those who saw

Time Item Content Note

The 35th TC General ①Reporting on the project

March WWF3 in Japan done

①Preparation and discussions of

The 36th TC Session ①Reporting and evaluation of

①Discussions on the Warning

Cambodia Republic of Korea

In Japan and TC countries, the importance of Flood Hazard

The experience of producing Flood Hazard Maps in Japan and

Thank you for your attention!

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