Chapter 3: Identification and Differentiated

Services

3.1. Factors related with Disability

Impact of Disability and Vulnerability on daily life

1. Factors related to the person

• The Nature of the Disability: Congenital disabilities, for
example, are disabilities that have always been present, thus
requiring less of an adjustment than an acquired disability.
• The Individual’s Personality: the individual personality can
be typically positive or negative, dependent or independent,
goal-oriented or laissez-faire.
• The Meaning of the Disability to the Individual:
2. Economic factors and Disability
 People with few economic assets are more likely to
acquire pathologies that may be disabling.
 In turn, a lack of resources can adversely affect the
ability of an individual to function with a disabling
condition
3. Political factors and disability
 Facilities, policy issues, services, funds are a function of a
political system.
 The political system, through its role in designing public
policy, can and does have a profound impact on the
extent to which impairments and other potentially
disabling conditions will result in disability.
Needs of Persons with Disabilities and Vulnerabilities
3.2. Gender and Disability
 Gender is related with many labor activities
 However, there are issues around how masculinity in rural
areas is constituted.
 Traditional women’s role of home making further
complicates the condition of disability
3.3. Health care needs of PWD
 People with disabilities are particularly vulnerable to
deficiencies in health care services. They are more
vulnerable to the following health conditions
A. Secondary conditions:
This conditions occur in addition to (and are related to) a
primary health condition, and are both predictable and
therefore preventable.
 Are injuries or illnesses that may be caused or
aggravated by an existing disability. Example Diabetes
and sight problem
B. Co-morbid conditions:
 This conditions occur in addition to (and are
unrelated to) a primary health condition associated
with disability.
For example the prevalence of diabetes in people with
schizophrenia is around 15% compared to a rate of 2-3%
for the general population.
C. Age-related conditions:
 The ageing process for some groups of people
with disabilities begins earlier than usual. For example
some people with developmental disabilities show signs
of premature ageing in their 40s and 50s.
D. Engaging in health risk behaviors:
 Some studies indicate that people with disabilities
have higher rates of risky behaviors such as
smoking, poor diet and physical inactivity.
3.4. Creating welcoming( Inclusive) environment
can take many forms and involves the following:
Environmental modification
 Mobility aids (crutches, wheelchairs, canes, braces)
 Communication aids (telephone amplifier, voice
activated computer, print enlarger, reading machines,
Braille writer)
 Accessible structural elements (ramps, elevators, wide
doors
 Job accommodation (simplification of tasks, flexible
work hours)
3.5. Disability Inclusive Intervention and Rehabilitation
Services
• Prevention
i) Primary prevention – actions to avoid or remove the cause
of a health problem in an individual or a population before it
arises. It includes health promotion and specific protection.
ii) Secondary prevention (early intervention) – actions to
detect a health and disabling conditions at an early stage in
an individual or a population, facilitating cure, or reducing or
preventing spread, or reducing or preventing its long-term
effects.
iii) Tertiary prevention (rehabilitation) – actions to
reduce the impact of an already established disease by
restoring function and reducing disease related
complications
3.6. Barriers of employment

a. Attitudes and Discrimination: employers may be reluctant to

hire persons with disabilities based on the perception that they

are less productive or less capable of carrying out their jobs
than others.
b. Accessibility: the physical environment; transportation,

information and communications, & other facilities open to the

public.
c. Education and Training: disabilities are less likely to attend.

d. Social Networks:
e. Women Disabilities:
Chapter 4: Promoting Inclusive Culture
4.1 Definition of Inclusion and culture
 Inclusion

 is a sense of belonging, connection and

community at work and inclusive organizations help
people feel welcomed, known, valued and
encouraged to bring their whole, unique selves to
work.
 Culture

 the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a

particular people or society.
 An inclusive culture
 involves the full and successful integration of diverse
people into a workplace or industry.
4.2. Dimension of Inclusive Culture
 There are three elements of inclusive culture

A. Universal Design
 refers to the construction of structures, services,
communications and resources that are organically
accessible to a range of people with and without
disabilities, without further need for modification or
accommodation. (E.g., Building workspaces accessible to
all).
B. Recruitment, Training, &
Advancement Opportunities
Recruitment:
 involves facilitating recruitment for all
without discrimination and focusing on
PWD in recruitment(targeted
recruitment)
C. Workplace accommodation and
accessibility
involves the provision of reasonable
accommodations in the work place
4.3. Characteristics of Inclusive Community
A. Cooperativeness
 Inclusive communities bring people together and are
places where people and organizations work together.
B. Interactiveness
 inclusive communities have accessible community
spaces and open public places to support social
interaction and community activity, including celebrating
community life
C. Investment
 The public and private sectors commit resources for the
economic and social development.
D. Diversity
 inclusive communities welcome and incorporate diverse
people and cultures in to community life.
E. Equitability
 Inclusive communities make sure that everyone has the
same means to a decent life.
F. Accessibility and Sensitivity
 Inclusive communities have readily available and
accessible supports and services and provide such
supports in culturally sensitive and appropriate ways.
G. Participation:
 inclusive communities encourage and support the
involvement of all their members.
H. Safety:
 inclusive communities ensure both individual and broad
community safety and security so that no one feels at risk.
4.4. Means of establish inclusive culture
There are four key inclusive leadership behaviors:
i. Empowerment: Enable team members to grow and excel by
encouraging them to solve problems, come up with new ideas
and develop new skills.
ii. Accountability: Show confidence in team members by
holding them responsible for aspects of their performance
that are within their control.
iii. Courage: Stand up for what you believe is right, even when
it means taking a risk.
iv. Humility: Admit mistakes, learn from criticism and different
points of view, and overcome your limitations by seeking
contributions from team members.
Chapter 5:Inclusion for Peace, Democracy and
Development

5.1. Inclusion and peace

 Peace:
 is creating mutual understanding, positive relationship
between individuals and groups.
 Peace can be achieved through formal and informal
inclusive education.
 It emanates from deep respect for others.
5.2. Inclusion and Democracy
 Democracy:
 is the rule of the people, by the people, for the people;
where people‖ is to mean all human beings, regardless
of diversities.
 The democratic values include enhancing rights,
independent quality life for all, freedom, pursuit of
happiness, justice, the common good, truth, respect
and tolerance for diversity and partisanship.
5.3. Inclusion and Development
 Development
 Development is a positive growth or change in economic,
social and political aspects of a country.
 Development requires ensuring that all.
marginalized and excluded groups are stakeholders
in development processes.
 If there is no inclusiveness in all walks of life,
development cannot be sustainable.
Chapter 6: Legal Framework
 In order for disabled persons to freely enjoy their
fundamental human rights, numerous cultural and
social barriers have to be overcome.
 This is supported by both international and national
legal provisions.
6.1.International legal Frameworks
A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights(1948) –
Article 26
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be
free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical
and professional education shall be made generally
available and higher education shall be equally
accessible to all on the basis of merit.
2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the
human personality and to the strengthening of respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote
understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations,
racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of
the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
B. Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (2006)
Article 24
1. States Parties shall recognize the right of persons with
disabilities to education with a view to realizing this
right without discrimination and on the basis of
equal opportunity.
2. 2. Persons with disabilities are not excluded from
the general education system on the basis of
disability, and that children with disabilities are not
excluded from free and compulsory primary education,
or from secondary education, on the basis of disability.
6.2. National Laws
A. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia-1995: Article 41(5) States government’s
responsibility for the provision of necessary
rehabilitation and support services for people with
disabilities.
B. Labor Proclamation, No. 377/2003, amended by Labor
Proclamation No. 494/2006
 It states that it is unlawful for an employer to
discriminate against workers on the basis of nationality,
sex, religion, political outlook or on any other conditions.
Chapter 7: Resource Management for Inclusion
7.1. Importance of Provisions of Resources
 Inclusion demands resources to meet the need of
all members of communities and to facilitate equal
participation in all sphere of life.
 There is no inclusion without providing
resources( human and material)for diverse people.
 The resources needed for PWD is different in various
aspects of life( schools, workplaces).
1. Resources in schools
A. Human Resources
o Sign language interpreter
o Braille specialist
o Mobility and orientation expert
o Special needs educators
o Speech and language therapist
B. Material Resources
o LCD and/or Smart Board
o E - Chart
o Various magnifying lenses
o Perkins Braille writer
o White cane
o Blind Folder
o Hearing aids
o Talking calculator
Lcd/Smart Tv
Magnifying Glass
Perkins Braille Writer
White Cane
Hearing Aid
Talking Calculator
Slate and stylus
2. Resources for work/social environment
A. Human Resources
o Special needs educator at every organization to
create inclusive environment
o Sign language interpreter
o Sighted guide
B. Material Resources
o Various magnifying lenses
o Slate and Styles
o Perkins Braille Writer
o White cane
o Hearing aids
o Talking mobiles
o Sign language books and videos
Chapter 8.Collaborative (Cooperative) Partnership
with stakeholders
 Collaboration
 is the act of working together to produce or create
something according to the capacities and abilities of
individuals.
 An individual or an institute cannot do everything they
want for the success of inclusiveness
 Cooperation
 Cooperation is opposite of standing alone or competing,
but collaboration is active participation in a shared
endeavor.
 Collaboration is working together to solve a problem or to
achieve a goal. Collaboration takes place between
individuals, organizations, and even governments to
tackle shared goals and objectives.
 Is a sense of creating team work.
8.2. Key Elements of Cooperation (Team work)
A. Respect
 A positive mental attitude or acceptance of others
B. Communication
 The activity of conveying information to others
C. Delegation
 Authorizing subordinates to make some decisions
D. Support
 The act of providing for or maintaining by supplying with
money or necessities.
8.3. General Principles of Collaboration
1. Establish common goals for the collaboration
2. Define your respective roles and who is accountable for what
3. Establish an atmosphere of trust and mutual respect
4. Give credits to others for their ideas and accomplishment
5. Develop procedures for resolving conflicts