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Lecture # 4 Logical Fallacies

The document discusses different types of logical fallacies. It defines a fallacy as an error in logical reasoning in an argument. It provides examples of different types of fallacies, including fallacies of relevance where the premises are not relevant to the conclusion. Some specific fallacy types discussed include ad hominem, appeal to pity, appeal to authority, and appeal to the people. It also discusses fallacies of defective induction where the premises are too weak to support the conclusion, as well as fallacies of ambiguity caused by ambiguous language. Finally, it mentions fallacies of presumption which rely on unsupported assumptions.

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18 views12 pages

Lecture # 4 Logical Fallacies

The document discusses different types of logical fallacies. It defines a fallacy as an error in logical reasoning in an argument. It provides examples of different types of fallacies, including fallacies of relevance where the premises are not relevant to the conclusion. Some specific fallacy types discussed include ad hominem, appeal to pity, appeal to authority, and appeal to the people. It also discusses fallacies of defective induction where the premises are too weak to support the conclusion, as well as fallacies of ambiguity caused by ambiguous language. Finally, it mentions fallacies of presumption which rely on unsupported assumptions.

Uploaded by

samreensheikh066
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Session - VI

Logical fallacies
A fallacy is an error in logical
reasoning in an argument or a
persuasive text.
This is not the same as a
“factual error.”
Examples of Fallacies:
*Trust me, don’t trust anyone
*I know nothing
*This statement is false.
*Nobody goes to the restaurant, it’s too crowded
*I’ve told you a million times to stop exaggerating
*Don’t go near the water until you’ve learned to swim
*Only statements that are verifiable through empirical observation are meaningful.
*Being skeptical about everything is the correct way.
*Change is the only constant.
*I know that I know nothing.
*The only thing that is certain is uncertainty
*I’d kill for the Nobel peace prize.
*The best plan is no plan.
Fallacies of relevance –
the premises of the argument are simply not relevant to
the conclusion
Types of Relevance Fallacies:

1. Ad hominem (argument against the human)


2. Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity)
3. Ad Baculum (the appeal to force)
4. Ad Verecumdiam (appeal to authority)
5. Ad Populum (appeal to the people)
Fallacies of Defective Induction:
Fallacies of defective induction are fallacies in which the premises are
too weak or ineffective to warrant the conclusion. The premises may
indeed be relevant, but they are not enough to establish the
conclusion.
Types of Defective Induction:

 1. Ad Ignorantiam (argument from ignorance)


 2. Ad Verecundiam (appeal to inappropriate authority)
 3. Hasty Generalization
Fallacies of Ambiguity:
It consist of mistakes in reasoning that are committed because of an
ambiguity in the terms used in an argument. For example, a fallacy of
ambiguity is committed whenever there is a word, or phrase, or whole
passage that has more
than one meaning and this lack of clarity of meaning leads to unwarranted
conclusions. We will consider five of the
most commonly committed such fallacies of ambiguity.
Types of Fallacies of Ambiguity:

 Equivocation
 Amphiboly
 Composition
Fallacies of Presumption:
Fallacies of presumption are arguments that depend on some
assumption that is typically unstated and unsupported. Identifying the
implicit assumption often exposes the fallacy.
Types of Presumptions Fallacies:

 False Cause
 Complex questions

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