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06 Notes Non-Mendelian Genetics Student

1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits, such as pink flowers from red and white parents. Codominance shows both parental traits together in offspring, like black-and-white spotted cows from black and white parents. 2. Multiple alleles exist for traits like coat color, with more than two variations inherited. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes interacting in complex ways to determine traits like skin tone. 3. Sex-linked traits are inherited through sex chromosomes, with traits often recessive and more common in males since they only have one X chromosome. Examples include color blindness carried on the X.

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18 views24 pages

06 Notes Non-Mendelian Genetics Student

1. Incomplete dominance results in a third phenotype between the two parental traits, such as pink flowers from red and white parents. Codominance shows both parental traits together in offspring, like black-and-white spotted cows from black and white parents. 2. Multiple alleles exist for traits like coat color, with more than two variations inherited. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes interacting in complex ways to determine traits like skin tone. 3. Sex-linked traits are inherited through sex chromosomes, with traits often recessive and more common in males since they only have one X chromosome. Examples include color blindness carried on the X.

Uploaded by

Erma Vasaya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Non-

Mendelian
Genetics
Inheritance Concepts Mendel
Never Imagined!
GENETICS – the
study of heredity
and variation of
organisms
Heredity – the
transfer of traits
from one
generation to
another
 Allele– pair of certain
characteristics
homozygous – having two
identical characteristics

heterozygous- having two


alleles of different
charactestics
Mendelian Genetics
(Complete Dominance)
 Only two possible Phenotypes: either
dominant or recessive

 Tall plant X Short plant = Tall plant


(TT) (tt) (Tt)
Non-Mendelian Genetics
 But, not all inheritance is based on the
rules of Complete Dominance!!
Introduction
 Mendelian Genetics describes
inheritance patterns based on
Complete Dominance or
Recessiveness.
 There are other types of
inheritance that Mendel never
considered:
Incomplete Inheritance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Sex - influenced traits
Sex-linked
Sex - limited traits
Incomplete Inheritance
The hybrid (heterozygous) offspring
displays a THIRD Phenotype!! Neither trait
is completely dominant, as a result, there
appears to be a blending phenotype.
Red Flower X White Flower = Pink
(RR) (WW) (RW)
Incomplete Inheritance Problem
 What is the probability of pink flowers if
pink flowers are bred with red flowers?

R R 50%
chance
R RR RR of Pink
Flowers

W RW RW
Incomplete Inheritance Problem
 What is the probability of white flowers if
pink flowers are bred with pink flowers?
CoDominance
 Both traits are dominant, and show up in
the phenotype together. Co means
“together”
 Black Cow X White Cow = Spotted Cow
(BB) (WW) (BW)
CoDominance Problem
 What are all the possible phenotypes
when two spotted cows are bred?

B W Possible
phenotypes
are a black
B BB BW cow, 2
spotted

W BW WW cows, and a
white cow
Below are imaginary organisms. Note horn shape, leg
length, fur color and tail shape. Now determine the type of
inheritance of the four traits by examining the genotypes of
the parents and offspring.
Blood type displays both co-dominance
and complete dominance
 Red Blood cells can either have a carbohydrate
on their surface or not.
 The presence of a carbohydrate (I) is dominant to the
absence of a carb (i).
 Additionally, there are two types of carbs that
may exist on the surface of RBCs called A (IA)
and B (IB).
 Cell surface carbs A and B are codominant, which
means they could also show up at the same time
on an RBC.
Blood Type Inheritance Rules:
1. A person with the IA allele Cells Genotypes Blood types
will have A carbohydrates.
2. A person with the IB allele I i, I I
A A A Type A
blood
will have B carbohydrates.
A person with the recessive
3.
i allele will have no I i, I I
B B B Type B
blood
carbohydrates.
4. Or a person with both IA and
IB alleles will have both A II
A B Type AB
blood
and B carbohydrates on
their cells.
ii Type O
blood
Blood Type Problems
If a woman with AB blood
has children with a man
who has type O, what will
be the possible genotypes
of their children? What will
be their blood types?

IA IB
i IA i IB i
i IA i IB i
Blood Type Problems
Blood Type Problem 2: A
woman with type B blood
has a child with type O
blood. How is this possible
if her husband has type A
blood?
Multiple Alleles
 When more than 2 varieties exist in a trait.
Many animals have a variety of coat
colors.
Polygenic Traits
Require more than one gene (allele) to
determine trait.
Skin tone is determined by 4-6 genes—that
means that there may be six different
chromosomes involved!
Sex-linked Inheritance
 Genes for some traits are found on the sex
chromosomes (X or y)
 Most of these traits are recessive the normal
gene is dominant
 Heterozygous Females (XXc) are carriers. They
do not show the trait, but carry a gene for the
trait.
 Homozygous Females (XcXc) have the trait
 Males with the gene (XcY) have the trait.—They
do not have another X to counterbalance the
affected gene
Color blindness is a sex-linked
recessive trait. The gene for this trait is
inherited through the X chromosome.

If a woman with normal vision


has children with a man
who is colorblind, Xc Y
what are the chances
that their children will be
colorblind?
X XXc XY
Will any children be carriers
of the trait? X XXc XY
Non-Mendelian Genetics
What are the similarities and differences
between each of these forms of inheritance?
How will you remember? What are
examples of each type?
 Incomplete inheritance
 CoDominance
 Multiple Alleles
 Polygenic Traits
 Sex-linked inheritance

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