DD Slides6
DD Slides6
Analysis refers to describing what a given circuit will do under certain operating conditions.
The behavior of clocked sequential circuits is determined from inputs, outputs and the states of flip-flops.
Algebraically, the behavior of clocked sequential circuits is described by means of state equations.
A state equations specifies the next state as a function of the present state and inputs.
Analysis Procedure
3. Compile the state table for all possible inputs and state values.
Memory type - D
Inputs - One – x
Outputs - One - y
FLIP FLOP INPUT EQUATIONS
DA = Ax + Bx
DB = A’x
A(t) = A, B(t) = B
State Table shows the next state and output in tabular form.
Sequential Circuits
The final outputs are present just before the edge of the CLOCK.
TRACING A MEALY STATE DIAGRAM
Even though the initial state is unknown, input x = 0 forces a transition to state AB = 0, regardless of the
present state.
2. Formulation – Interpret the specification to obtain a state diagram and a state table
4. Flip-Flop Input Equation Determination - Select flip-flop types and derive flip-flop input
equations from next state entries in the state table
5. Output Equation Determination - Derive output equations from output entries in the state
table
6. Optimization - Optimize the combinational logic equations in 4, 5 above, e.g. using K-maps
7. Technology Mapping - Find circuit from equations and map to a given gate & flip-flop
technology
Written description
Mathematical description
Tabular description
Examples:
State A may represent the fact that three successive 1’s have occurred at the input.
State B may represent the fact that a 0 followed by a 1 have occurred as the most recent past two inputs.
0001100011011100
Before meaningful operation, we usually bring the circuit to an initial known state, e.g. by resetting
all flip flops to 0’s.
This is often done asynchronously through dedicated direct S/R inputs to the FFs.
1. Verbal Specifications:
X Z
Input 1101
Output
Recognizer
Detect the occurrence of bit sequence 1101 whenever it occurs on input X and indicate this detection
by raising an output Z high
i.e. normally output Z = 0 until sequence 1101 occurs
i.e. until input X = 1 and
110 was the last sub-sequence received i.e. system was in the state ‘110’
Begin in an initial state in which NONE of the initial portion of the sequence has occurred (typically “reset”
state).
Add a state which recognizes that the first symbol in the target sequence (1) has occurred.
Add state transition arcs which specify what happens when a symbol not contributing to the target sequence
has occurred.
Has sub-sequences: 1, 11, 110
The 1/1 arc from D means full sequence is detected & Z = 1. But why does it go to B? Since this ‘1’ could be the
first 1 in a new sequence and thus needs to be remembered as ‘1’!
EXAMPLE: BIT SEQUENCE RECOGNIZER: 1101
At each state, the input X could have any of two values, so 2 arcs must emanate from each state (X = 0 and X =
1).
From the State Diagram, we can fill in the 2-D State Table.
Two dimensional table with four rows, one for each current state.
B A C 0 0
C D C 0 0
D A B 0 1
4 states (A, B, C, D)
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT
Asynchronous Reset
To Initial State A (AB = 00)
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE – MOORE ELEVATOR
Design an elevator which moves between ground floor and first floor. The output is one when it is at
state 1 and zero when it is at zero state.
EXAMPLE – MOORE ELEVATOR
EXAMPLE
Design the machine with following state diagram.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
Design an old vending machine.
Assumptions –
3. No change is returned.
5, 5, 5
10, 5
5, 10
10, 10
5, 5, 10
Input N – Rs 5
Input D - Rs 10
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE