SD 350: Design of Timber Structures

3.2.1 Design values of actions

The actions, partial coefficients and load combinations to be taken into

account should be prescribed by the relevant public authority.
It is assumed that actions will be classified according to ISO …. (DP 6116,
under preparation) and that among others the following values will be given.

characteristic value, Fk

combination value, oFk

It is also assumed that the necessary information will be provide to
assign the actions to the load duration classes given in section 2.3.
The design values of an action should be obtained from the
characteristics value or combination value by multiplication by partial
coefficient f
Fd = f Fk ………………………………….. (3.2.1a)
Fd = of Fk …………………………………(3.2.1b)

1
3.2.2 Design values of strength parameters
The design values should be obtained from the characterize values, modified
according to climate class and load duration class by division by a partial
coefficient.
fd = fk /(m.n) ……………………………......(3.2.2a)
Ed = Ek /(m.n) ………………………………(3.2.2b)

Note: n is introduced as a separate partial coefficient (safety factor) as

suggested by BRU-Tech. Guideline No. 2.

For serviceability limit states m = 1.0 and deflections are calculated with the
mean value of the elastic properties.

For the ultimate limit states m is prescribed by the relevant public authority.

3.2.2.1 Partial coefficient (safety factor) for materials.

takes account unpredictable variations of the strength of the material in the
final structure due to inaccurate design models, geometrical data materials
2
production control and site building control. (Ref.3).
 m : Partial coefficient for materials.
Building accuracy m
Very accurate 1.1
Accurate 1.2
Moderately accurate 1.3 ?

? suggested for all timber structures … 1.5 depending on manufacturers

qualification and site supervisor

3.2.2.2 Partial coefficient (safety factory for failure

consequences
n : partial coefficient for failure consequences

Safety class n
Less serious 1.0  normal house and industrial roof structures
Serious 1.1  stairs, floor structures., trusses > 18.0m span
Very serious 1.2  public assembly, schools, dispensary..

3
 3.2.3 Design values of geometrical parameters

In general the geometrical parameters may be assumed to be those

specified in the design. Where deviation from the specification may have
a significant effect on the structural behaviour or the resistance of the
structure, the design values ad should be obtained from the characteristic
value a as:

ad = a + a ………………………………….(3.2.3a)
or
ad = a - a …………………………………..(3.2.3b)

where a takes account of the importance of variations in a and the

given tolerance limits for a.

4
 Design methods
3.3.1 Design by calculation
For the ultimate limit states, elastic and plastic theories may be applied
according to the response of the structure, structural members or joints to the
actions. The characteristic values in chapter 5 are however, derived from
the test loads by the theory of linear elasticity and this theory should
therefore also be used in the design of individual members.

For the strength values and design methods given in this code to be
applicable, individual members and cross-sections must be designed in
accordance with the theory of elasticity. However, the stress resultants, in for
example lattice structures, need not be calculated under the assumption of
elastic behaviour.

For the serviceability limit states, elastic methods of analyses will usually be
appropriate. In the calculation of distribution of forces in statically
indeterminate structures, consideration should be given to slip in joints, etc.

3.3.2 Design by testing

The testing of structures should be in accordance with standard test in
preparation by RILEM – CIB 57 – TSB). 5
4.0 MATERIALS
General
Strength and stiffness properties should be based on tests for the actions to
which the materials may be subjected in the structure.
This requirement does not prevent properties in some cases being based on
comparisons with similar species or on well-established relations between the
different properties.
It must be shown that the dimensional stability, environmental behavior etc. are
satisfactory for the purposes of construction and eventual end use.

4.1 Solid structural timber

General
Structural timber i.e. timber where the strength and stiffness are an importance,
should be graded in accordance with rules ensuring that the strength, stiffness
and other properties of the timber are satisfactory.
The strength grading rules may be based on a visual assessment of the timber,
on the non-destructive measurement of one or more properties, or on a
combination of the two methods.
Strength and stiffness parameters should be determined by standardized short-
term test in accordance with RILEM/CIB – 3TT-3: Timber structures – Timber in
structural sizes – Determination of some physical and mechanical properties.
The test specimens should be sampled in accordance with Annex 41 (in
6
preparation) and orientated at random in the testing machines.
 EAST AFRICAN STRENGTH GRADING RULES
When used for structural members the lengths of splits and checks should be restricted to:
First strength grade – ¼ of the width of face
Second strength grade – ½ of the width of face
East African Strength Grading Rules
Maximum permissible size of defect or characteristic per grade
Defect and
characteristics First Second Third four

Knots Sound knots only Sound knots only Unsound knots Unsound knots
included included
Edge ¼ thickness ½ thickness ¼ thickness Unrestricted
Margin 1/8 width ¼ width ¼ width Unrestricted
Center 1/6 width ⅓width ⅓width Unrestricted
Splay ¼ width ⅓width ½ width Unrestricted
Cluster (in Total) ¼ width ⅓width ½ width Unrestricted
Rot Not allowed except in Unsound knots
Wane - - - -
Edge Not allowed ¼ thickness ¼ thickens ¼ thickness
Face Not allowed 1/12 width 1/6 widths 1/3 width
Length Not allowed ¼ length ⅓length Unspecified
Slope of grain 1:14 1:8 Unrestricted Unrestricted
Resin pockets and bark Not allowed Not more than Not more than 6mm Unrestricted
pockets 6mm wide wide
Not more than Not more than 80mm
40mm. length per length per meter 7
meter length of length of piece
piece
 East African Strength Grading Rules (ctd)

Maximum permissible size of defect or characteristic per grade

Defect and
First Second Third four
characteristics

Checks and splits Total length Total length not Total length not Unrestricted
exceeding 150mm exceeding 225 exceeding
mm 300mm.
Bow 6mm in 3m. of 13mm in 3m. of 25mm in 3m. of Unrestricted
length length length
Spring 6mm. in 3m. of 13mm. in 3m. of 25mm. in 3m. of Unrestricted
length length length
Twist 3 degrees in 3m. of 6 degrees in 3m. 9 degrees in 3m. of Unrestricted
length of length length
Cup 1.5mm, in 150mm. 3mm in 150 mm 3mm, in 150mm. of Unrestricted
of width. of width width.
Pith Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Unrestricted
Dead borer holes Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Unrestricted
Undersize Not allowed Not allowed Not allowed Unrestricted
(Unseasoned timber)
Undersize (seasoned Not allowed Not allowed Must not exceed Must not exceed
timber) 3mm. in thickness 3mm. in thickness
nor 3mm. in width nor 3mm. in width
Oversize (unseasoned All timber to be sawn oversize by 1.5mm per 25mm. in thickness and … 8
timber)
DEFECTS TYPE 1 e
o t;
kn m
b, ge o t;
ed kn
u se e a r g in
o t; us m
ma
k n d /4 ,

e
la y >
S p t if b

e
b u

IS b y
R a
AR x
fa c e kn o t o r c e n te r
Che ck g e d /4
kn o t; m e a n o f X & Y
Ed n
rg i
Ma
d /2
c e kn o t c lu s te r
Fa

D e p th d
d /4 s u m o f d ia m e te rs
n t L
gh
rg i Le
n
Ma

W id th b
P ith
S lo p e o f g ra in 1 in X

1
x

W2 W3 W4

W1

Wa ne
W1 or W2 or W3 + W4

Me a s u re d e fe c ts a s s h o wn , re fe r to g ra in ru le s
9
DE F E C TS IN TIMBE R 1
DEFECTS TYPE 2

d
L

Bo w

S p rin g

Tw is t

b
L

d
Cup
b
d

Me a s u re d e fe c ts a s s h o wn , re fe r to g ra in ru le s

10
DE F E C TS IN TIMBE R 2
 ANNEX 42
STANDARD STRENGTH AND DENSITY CLASSES.

General
The following two bases will used for grouping timber with respect to its
structural properties.
Strength class grouping, based on the structural properties in bending, tensions
and compression parallel to the grain, and shear.
Density class group, based on the density.

42.1 Strength class group, characteristic values and mean elastic

modulus
The standard strength classes SC5, SC6 .. SC60, and SC75 shown in table
42.1 are used. A given grade may be assigned to one of the standard strength
classes if the characteristic values of bending strength, tension strength and
modulus of elasticity are not less than the target values and if the value of
compression strength and shear strength exceed the requirements for the
nearest lower class.

11
 Table 42.1: Standard strength classes. Characteristic values in Mpa

SC5 SC6 SC8 SC10 SC12 SC15 SC19

Bending fm 5.0 6.0 7.5 9.5 12 15 19

Tension parallel to grain ft,0 2.5 3.2 4.1 5.4 7.0 9.1 11.8

Compression parallel to fc,0 5.8 7.0 8.4 10.0 12.0 14.5 17.5
grain

Shear parallel to grain fv 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2

Modules of elasticity E0 2300 2600 3000 3500 4000 4600 5300

Table 42.1: (ctd.) SC24 SC30 SC38 SC48 SC60 SC75

Bending fm 24 30 38 48 60 75

Tension parallel to grain ft,0 15.5 20 25 34 44 54

Compression parallel to fc,0 21 25 30 36 43 52

grain

Shear parallel to grain fv 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.2

Modules of elasticity E0 6100 7000 8100 9300 10600 12200

For Emean a value of 1.4E0 may be assumed

For Gmean a value of 0.095E0 may be assumed
12
42.2: Density class grouping, characteristic values
The standard density classes D300, …, D800 shown in table 42. are used.
A given grade can be assigned to one of the density classes if the
characteristic relative density is not less than the minimum values given in
table 42.2.
Table 42.2: Standard density classes. Minimum characteristic relative densities
Standard density class
D300 D400 D500 D600 D800
Minimum, characteristic relative density 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.78
Table 42.3: Standard density classes. Characteristic values in MPa
Standard density class
D300 D400 D500 D600 D800

For rolling shear the strength may be assumed to be equal to ft,90.

13
[1] CHARACTERISTIC STRENGH AND STIFFNESS VALUES N/mm2 = MPa

defined as the population lower 5-percentile values directly applicable to a load

duration of 3 to 5 minutes (i.e. very short-term load); structural size; moisture class 1.
(For definitions and notations see: CIB Structural Timber Design Code)

Values for ungraded (“structural”) Tanzanian conifers (softwoods)

(based on data from Campbell / Malde and BRU – Publ. See Ref. 5)
Fk Table
bending fm = 22.0 N/mm2
tension parallel to grain ft,0 = 14.0 N/mm2
tension perpendicular to grain ft,90 = ≤ ¼fv
compression parallel to grain fc,0 = 20.0 N/mm2
compression perpendicular to grain fc,90 = 5.0 N/mm2
shear parallel to grain fv = 2.0 N/mm2
modulus of elasticity E0 = 6100 N/mm2
Mean values for deformation calculation : approximately
modulus of elasticity : E0,mean = 8500N/mm2
14
shear modulus : Gmean = 580 N/mm2
 4.2 JOINTS
4.2.1 Finger jointed structural timber

10a

15
4.2.2. Glue laminated timber

4.2.3 Wood based laminated material

- ply wood
- chip board
- laminated boards 16
 4.2.4 Steel parts
Nails, screws and other steel parts should have minimum protection against
corrosion given in Table 4.7. The protection is described in relation to ISO 2081,
electroplated Coatings on Zinc, on Iron, or Steel, but other protection systems
may be used. The requirements for protection against corrosion may be relaxed
where surface corrosion will not significantly reduce the load carrying capacity.

Table 4.7
Nails with d > 2.8 mm, Nails with d  2.8 mm
Moisture class screws and bolts and other steel parts

1 None None1) – Fe/Zn 5c

2 Fe/Zn 12c Fe/Zn 12c

3 Fe/Zn 25c2) Fe/Zn 25c2)

1)
in permanently heated buildings without artificial humidity
2)
under severe conditions: Fe/Zn 40c or hot dip zinc coatings

The consideration for the finish of the superstructure may call for stricter rules for
corrosion protection, especially in moisture class 2. Certain woods, e.g. oak, and
17
some treatments may have a corroding effect, and other protection could be specified.
 4.3 PROTECTION OF TIMBER IN SERVICE
The agencies which may degrade timber in include insect attack, fungal
attack, fire, natural weathering, heat and chemical attack. Life and appearance
of timber are greatly enhanced when adequate protection against relevant
degrading agency is provided.

4.3.1 Fungal Attack

There are two major types of fungal attacks on timber. Some fungi attack the
sapwood only, producing stain (discoloration). The most common is the blue
stain (sap-stain) fungus. This fungus does not destroy the sapwood cells nor
does it attack heartwood. Hence it is not a structural defect but it renders
timber very unsightly. It is very common in Pines and Mtambara
(Caphalosphaera usambarensis).
Sap-stain can be avoided by converting the logs as soon as possible
after felling and stacking the timber immediately after sawing so that its
surfaces are exposed to air flow allowing surface moisture to dry rapidly.
Fungal attack usually occurs in timber having moisture content in excess
of 20%. In very damp places dipping in a preservative may be necessary
especially for Pines and Mtambara.
18
 PROTECTION OF TIMBER IN SERVICE
Sodium pentachlorophenate is effective for sap-stain control; but when it is
used with sodium borate it is more effective and more economical. For East
African conditions the solution recommended is 20 kg of Sodium
pentachlorophenate with 20 kg of Sodium borate (borax) in 1000 litres of water.
Dipping should be done immediately after sawing and timber then stacked in
the correct manner to allow it to season properly.

Other fungi are wood destroying ones, and attack both sapwood and
heartwood feeding on the cells thus impairing timber’s strength properties.
This kind of fungal attack is fairly uncommon in East Africa but has been
noted in the following cases: -
a) Purlins under leaking roofs,
b) Very badly ventilated timber floors,
c) Windows cills drilled for burger proofing,
d) Mine and marine timbers
e) Boats
The prevention of fungal attack may be done by:-
a) Proper design to avoid water-logging, leaks, etc.
b) The use of “durable” timbers
c) The use of preservatives (see under preservation treatment
methods) 19
 4.3.2 Insect Attack
This may occur in two categories:-
(a) Below or in contact with the ground:
Attack by termites (incorrectly called “white ants”). This can be prevented by:-
(i) Soil poisoning: Various chemicals exist which may be mixed with or
sprayed on soil and prevent termites from developing for a number of
years. It is now becoming a general practice in Tanzania to poison soil
beneath the ground slab of any new building erected.
(ii) The use of “durable” timber species. If these are kept dry, as under
a building, their life may be greatly extended.
(iii) Detailing to exclude termites from the building. These include the
provision of metal copings on walls or stub columns. The capping
should slope down at 45o and all joints must be soldered or welted to
prevent any opportunity for termites to pass through. In general the
normal reinforced concrete slab in domestic construction should not be
considered to be a termite barrier as the quality of this sort of
construction tends to be poor and termites may also pass around the
end of the slab. Insecticides may be mixed with concrete for flooring.
(iv) The use of preservative treatments: these are dealt with in more
detail below.
In domestic constriction it is wise to use either durable or preserved timber for
ground floor boarding or blocks, for skirting, door frames, built in cupboards20
and
other construction up to wall plate.
 Insect Attack
(b) Above ground insect attack:
These include:-
(i) Powder post. These leave holes 1 mm in diameter, and attack
broad leaved timbers but not conifers. Some timbers are immune to
attack but very little information is available for most timber species.
(ii) Longhorn beetles: These leave oval 5-8mm in diameter and attack
many timbers. There may be some species which are immune but
there is little information available.
(iii) Carpenter bees: These leave large holes and can be seen and
heard in action. Protection is by painting the timber with lime.
(iv) Ambrosia. This does not in fact attack seasoned timber but is
noted so that it is not confused with powder post. The difference is
that the holes of the Ambrosia beetles are lined with a noticeable
black substance. Once the timber is seasoned, the beetle dies.
(v) Dry wood termites, cryptotermes. These are limited to damp
coastal areas and have recently been found around Lake Victoria.
No timber is immune.

21
 4.3.3 Preservation Treatment Methods
These seek to coat or impregnate the timber with a chemical which prevents
insect or fungal attack. There are several methods of achieving this.
(a) Brushing and Spraying:
There are several presentative and preservative paints available commercial.
These may be acceptable above ground if applied, liberally, after all cutting,
notching, drilling etc, of the timber has been completed, so that a complete
surface protection may be given. Timbers with splits will not be protected by
any surface treatment.
(b) Dipping
Seasoned timber is immersed into a preservative bath (usually for 5 to 15
minutes). The protection given is similar to that by brushing method but is
slightly more effective as splits are filled by preservative. Protection will not be
given to timber, which subsequently splits.
(c) The Open Tank Process
The timber is completely immersed in cold preservative which is then heated
(creosote to 90o C, water-borne preservatives to 57o C and heavy petroleum
oils between 70o C and 80o C) The temperature is maintained for a minimum
of 1 hour before heating is ceased. The preservative is allowed to cool for 24
hours or timber transferred to cool preservative taking precaution that timber is
fully immersed. Treatment by this method is quite effective for permeable
timbers. 22
 Preservation Treatment Methods
(d) Pressure Treatment:
This is carried out in large cylinders and is very effective. It can be done properly
on timber seasoned to below 25% moisture content and is relatively
expensive. (There are many timbers which cannot easily be pressure treated;
a number of them belong to the hard wood type.) . Treatment can only be
carried out at a Treatment Plant of which there are not a great number in East
Africa. For projects distant from treatment plants there my be extra transport
costs for treatment.
The amount of impregnation required is covered in some detail by “A Code
Practice for Wood Preservation in Tanzania” from which the following has
been extracted:-

23
 Pressure Treatment (ctd)

Exposure Net dry salt retention

(NDSR) of Tanalith C
or Celcure A Ib/ft3
Interior timbers not in contact with the ground
At sites distant from the cost …………………. 0.4

Interior timbers at the cost, not in contact

with the ground ……………………………….. 0.5

Exterior timbers not in contact with the

ground …………………………………………… 0.5

Exterior building timbers in contact with the

ground …………………………………………… 0.6

Fence posts up to 125 mm diameter ………….. 0.7

Marine timbers: Softwoods (Conifers)

Hardwoods (broad-leaved timbers. …………… 1.5 24
 Preservation Treatment Methods
Specifications for pressure treating should call for certificate to be issued by the
treatment plant describing the timber and stating the NDSR or in case of oil
borne preservatives retention by weight.
Facilities for checking NDRS exist at the Government Chemist’s laboratory, Dar
es Salaam, at Ministry of Works laboratories, Nairobi and probably elsewhere.

e) Dip-diffusion
Treatment by this method is much cheaper than pressure impregnation. Many
timbers (especially broad-leaved species) which are difficult to impregnate by
pressure impregnation can be treated by dip-diffusion. It should be carried out or
very near the saw-mill and on timber which is above 50% m.c. Treatment by this
method involves very little capital expenditure and is as good as pressure
treatment for internal timber (dip-diffusion should not be used for external
timbers or those below ground).

The techniques of dip-diffusion are simple and can be carried out by a saw-
miller or a contractor. Timber from saw and whilst having free moisture (sap)
on surface is dipped into concentrated solution of the preservative. It is then
close stacked in a cool shady place and covered with a vapor barring sheet, so
that it does not dry whilst chemicals diffused through.
25
“Close stacking periods” for various thickness of timbers are related to the
concerned stacking periods for various thickness of timber are related to the
concentration of the preservative solution, time of immersion and the species
being treated. The dip-diffusion preserves contain boron-compound/s. With a
30% solutions concentration, and momentary immersion, the following close
stacking (block stacking) times are recommended for most species.

Thickness of Timber Close Stacking Period

25mm 3-4 weeks
50mm 8 weeks
NDSR of 0.4 Ib/cu ft and a minimum penetration of 10mm gives adequate
protection.

(f) Sap-displacement
This applies only to green logs (but not pines) which are debarked and stacked with
their butt ends in a drum of preservative solution for several days whilst solution
makes its way along the length of the pole. On the last day the logs are turned
upside down so that top ends dip in the preservative solution. It is essential that
sap-wood should not be damaged during debarking. Damaged sap-wood
hinders the movement of the preservative up the log. The preservative solution
replaces the sap. The heartwood remains practically untreated. This method is
particularly suitable for pole timbers used in construction of farms buildings.
26
4.3.4 Choice Of Preservative
The Code of Practice for Wood Preservation in Tanzania gives details of
preservatives (with proprietary names) for treatment by the different methods
outlined above.
In general Tar Oil type preservatives are used for timber liable to weathering and
where odour and unpaintability are not important. These do not leach and
hence are particularly suitable for exterior use and timber in ground contact.
The water-borne preservatives are usually odorless, may be painted over once
the timber is dry and they do not affect the gluing of timber. They are usually
used for timber above ground contact. Those containing boron compounds
are only used in weather tight conditions.

4.3.5 Damage To Existing Buildings

It is desirable that occasional inspections be made of all timber buildings and
components for insect and fungal attack. Fungal attack is visible by
alterations of colour and texture of the timber and may readily be detected by
probing with a knife. Treatment consists of removing the cause of moisture
whether it be a leak or bad ventilation and painting with fungicide. Insect
damage may be detected by:-

27
 Damage to existing buildings

(a) Termites:
These leave tunnels in the timber usually concealed but sometimes soil tunnels
on the surface. Destruction of the soil tunnels on the ground stops the attack
and the problem is then to prevent further attack. Soil poisoning is probably
the most efficient method and there are several commercial organizations
offering this service. Typically such remedial work may cost five times as
much as initial treatment during construction. In buildings which have been left
empty for some time termites frequently enter the roof and clearing the tunnels
as they appear may suffice. The distance that termites will travel with no
timber enroute is not known but appears to be more than about two metres.

(b) Other insects:

These leave holes in the timber and/or deposits of powder or pellets below the
holes. A strong pointed steel instrument should be used to attack the timber to
ascertain the degree of attack. Generally timber attacking insects leaver far
less evidence of their attack on the outside surface of the timber than inside.
Some control of the attack may be achieved by repeated spraying and this
facility is available in East Africa.
28
 Damage to existing buildings (ctd)
However, insects within timber are very difficult to destroy, particularly in roofs
where access to some parts may be difficult. Regular inspections and
further treatment are essential.
No general advice ca be given on the level of damage which is acceptable or
demands replacement of members. In general it is desirable to replace all
timbers showing signs of attack to reduce the rate of infestation and spray
or paint the remaining timber. It should be noted that in structural members,
attack to timber at joints may lead to much earlier failure than elsewhere.
Traces of termite tunnels may often be found near durable timbers or on
concrete walls. These exploratory tunnels do not necessarily mean that
there is any attack.

4.3.6 Marine Borers

These exists all along the coast and the choice lies between a pressure
creosoted treatment or the use of a marine durable timber. For pressure
treatment, the specie chosen should be the one which is classified as
“Permeable”, so that the maximum amount of preservative may be
incorporated.
29
 5.0 DESIGN OF BASIC MEMBERS
5.1 Solid Timber Members
z b/h A 2 Iy 4 Zy 3 iy Iz 4 Zz 3 iz
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
4 3
* = m a rke te d s iz e s (e .g . 2 5 /5 0 ) o f x 10 2 x 10 x 10 x 10
4
x 10
3

y y h u n g ra d e d Ta n z a n ia n s o ftwo o d s
* 50/50 25 52 21 14.4 52 21 14.4
* 50/75 38 176 47 21.7 78 31 14.4
* 50/100 50 417 83 28.9 104 42 14.4
z * 50/125 63 814 130 36.1 130 52 14.4
b * 50/150 75 1406 188 43.3 156 63 14.4
* 50/175 88 2233 255 50.5 182 73 14.4
b/h A Iy Zy iy Iz Zz iz * 50/200 100 3333 333 57.7 208 83 14.4
4 3 4 3
mm mm2 mm mm mm mm mm mm * 50/225 113 4746 422 65.0 234 94 14.4
4 3 * 50/250 125 6510 521 72.2 260 104 14.4
x 10 2 x 10 x 10 x 10
4
x 10
3
* 50/275 138 8665 630 79.4 287 115 14.4
16/75 12 56 15 21.7 2.6 3.2 4.6 * 50/300 150 11250 750 86.6 313 125 14.4
16/100 16 133 27 28.9 3.4 4.3 4.6
16/125 20 260 42 36.1 4.3 5.3 4.6 63/100 63 525 105 28.9 208 66 18.2
16/150 24 450 60 43.3 5.1 6.4 4.6 * 63/125 79 1025 164 36.1 261 83 18.2
63/150 95 1772 236 43.3 313 99 18.2
*19/75 14 67 18 21.7 4.3 4.5 5.5 63/175 110 2814 322 50.5 365 116 18.2
*19/100 19 158 32 28.9 5.7 6.0 5.5 63/200 126 4200 420 57.7 417 132 18.2
*19/125 24 309 50 36.1 7.1 7.5 5.5 * 63/225 142 5980 532 65.0 469 149 18.2
*19/150 29 534 71 43.3 8.6 9.0 5.5
* 75/75 56 264 70 21.7 264 70 21.7
*25/50 13 26 10 14.4 6.5 5.2 7.2 * 75/100 75 625 125 28.9 352 94 21.7
*25/75 19 88 23 21.7 9.8 7.8 7.2 * 75/125 94 1221 195 36.1 440 117 21.7
*25/100 25 208 42 28.9 13 10 7.2 * 75/150 113 2109 281 43.3 527 141 21.7
*25/125 31 407 65 36.1 16 13 7.2 75/175 131 3350 383 50.5 615 164 21.7
*25/150 38 703 94 43.3 20 16 7.2 75/200 150 5000 500 57.7 703 188 21.7
*25/175 44 1117 128 50.5 23 18 7.2 * 75/225 169 7119 633 65.0 791 211 21.7
*25/200 50 1667 167 57.7 26 21 7.2 * 75/250 188 9766 781 72.2 879 234 21.7
*25/225 56 2373 211 65.0 29 23 7.2 75/275 206 12998 945 79.4 967 258 21.7
*25/250 63 3255 260 72.2 33 26 7.2 75/300 225 16875 1125 86.6 1055 281 21.7
*25/275 69 4333 315 79.4 36 29 7.2
*25/300 75 5625 375 86.6 39 31 7.2 * 100/100 100 833 167 28.9 833 167 28.9
* 100/150 150 2813 375 43.3 1250 250 28.9
38/50 19 40 16 14.4 23 12 11.0 100/200 200 6667 667 57.7 1667 333 28.9
38/75 29 134 36 21.7 34 18 11.0 100/250 250 13021 1042 72.2 2083 417 28.9
38/100 38 317 63 28.7 46 24 11.0 100/300 300 22500 1500 86.6 2500 500 28.9
38/125 48 619 99 36.1 57 30 11.0
*38/150 57 1069 143 43.3 69 36 11.0 * 150/150 225 4219 563 43.3 4219 563 43.3
38/175 67 1697 194 50.5 80 42 11.0 150/200 300 10000 1000 57.7 5625 750 43.4
*38/200 76 2533 253 57.7 92 48 11.0 150/250 375 19531 1563 72.2 7031 934 43.3
*38/225 86 3607 321 65.0 103 54 11.0 150/300 450 33750 2250 86.6 8438 1125 43.3 30
 SUMMARY OF BASIC DATA
f k ( table )  k mod
material design strength , fd 
 m  n
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS VALUES
fk (Table value)

Bending fm = 22.0 N/mm2

Tension parallel to grain ft,0 = 14.0 N/mm2
Tension perpend. to grain ft,90 = ≤ 1/4 x fv
Compression parallel to grain fc, 0 = 20.0 N/mm2
Compression perpend. to grain fc,90 = 5.0 N/mm2
Tanzania conifers
Shear parallel to grain fv = 2.0 N/mm2 (Soft-woods)

Modulus of elasticity E0 = 6100 N/mm2

Mean values for deformation calculation : (approx.)
Modules of elasticity E0,mean = 8500 N/mm2
Shear modulus Gmean = 580 N/mm2

31
 MODIFICATION FACTOR FOR LOAD + PARTIAL COEFFICIENT
DURATION AND MOISTURE CLASS (SAFETY) FACTOR FOR
LOADS
kmod f
Modification factor to Partial coefficient (safety
characteristic and mean strength factors) for limit-state cross-
and stiffness values for sectional design
Strength Deformation Dead Imposed Wind
calculations calculations load load load
Moisture class 1, 2 3 1 2 3 f f f
Load combination Load
duration
Dead Long-term 0.55 0.45 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.4 - -
Dead + imposed

- Floors, stairs Medium -term 0.70 0.60 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.6 -
- Roofs (without Short-term

access)

Dead + wind Short- term 0.80 0.70 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 or - 1.4
1.4
Dead + imp. + Short-term 1.2 1.2 1.2
wind

32
 Partial Safety Factors

Building Accuracy m
-------------------------------- ----
very accurate 1.1
accurate 1.2
moderately 1.3 suggested for all
timber structures?
m : PARTIAL COEFFICIENT FOR MATERIALS

Safety class n
----------------- ----
Less serious 1.0  normal house and industrial roof structures
Serious 1.1  stairs, floor structures, trusses >18m span
Very serious 1.2  public assembly, schools, dispensary, etc.

n: PARTIAL COEFFIEICIENT FOR FAILURE CONSQUENCES

33
5.1.0 General

This section applies to prismatic, cylindrical and slightly conical members (i.e
timber logs and poles)
Design values are found by:
multiplying the characteristic values or the mean elastic modulus by a
modification factor kmod and taking into account the influence of moisture
content and loading time, and dividing by the partial coefficient m, see
section 3.2.2. For the standard classes covered by Annex 42 the factors in
Table 5.1.0 should be applied.

The table is based on the behavior of clear wood and may be conservative
to some structural grades.

Design values of strength and stiffness should be used in the design

equations given in this chapter, unless specifically stated otherwise.

This means e.g that equation (5.1.1a) should be read as td  ft,o,d
Deformation greater than those calculated with the values given are to be
expected if green timber is allowed to dry under design load.
34
 Table 5.1.0: Modification factors kmode to characteristic and mean
values.
Values for strength Values for deformation
calculations 1) 2) calculations 1) 2)
Moisture classes 1 and 2 3 1 2 3
Long-term 0.55 (0.35) 0.45 (0.30) 0.7 0.6 0.4
Medium-term 0.70 (0.50) 0.60 (0.40) 1 0.8 0.7
Short-term 0.80 (0.70) 0.70 (0.60) 1 0.8 0.7
Very short-term 0.95 (0.90) 0.80 (0.75) 1 0.8 0.7
Instantaneous 1.1 (1.1) 0.95 (0.95)

1)
Where a load case consists of loads belonging to different load-duration
classes the factors corresponding to the shortest load-duration may be used
by strength calculations. By deformations, the deformations are calculated
for each load with the appropriate factor.
2)
Values in parentheses apply to tension perpendicular to grain.
EXTRACT CIB-CODE

35
 The Effective cross-section and geometrical properties of a structural
member should be calculated from the minimum cross-section
acceptable for the given nominal size or from the actual cross-section.
Normal dimensions may be used in calculations when the actual
dimensions at a moisture content of 0.2 are not less than the nominal
dimensions reduced by 1mm for dimensions of 100mm or less; 2mm for
dimensions between 100mm and 200mm and 1 per cent for larger
dimensions.
Reductions in cross-sectional area due to notching, etc. shall be
taken into account. No reductions are necessary for nails with a diameter
of 5mm or less and without predrilling.

5.1.1. Tension
The stresses should satisfy the following conditions for tension parallel to the
grain direction

t  t,o,d …………………………………………(5.1.1.a)
(tension parallel to grain case)

36
EXAMPLE 1: (Tension member design) 5.1.1.- 4

Member D1 of an industrial roof truss (15m span) is exposed to a critical long-

term design load Fd=30.0 kN. Tanzanian Cypress, moisture class 3.
Determine the minimum thickness bmin = ?, such that the load will safely be
carried if D1 is arranged and connected as shown. Comment on the result.

D1

D1
15

Fd 15

0
10
b

5
S h e a r rin g c o n n e c to r

17
1 0 0 m m d ia m . M1 6 b o lt b

37
Solution:
For long–term load and moisture class 3, kmod = 0.45
m = 1.3 - for all buildings
n = 1.0 - for industrial roof A for preliminary design
purposes
ft,0 = 14 N/mm2 Nailed joint ………… . 0.1A
Boiled joint …………. 0.15A
A = 100 x 15 = 1500 mm2 Connected joints ……. 0.25A
ft,d = 14 x 0.45/(1.0 x 1.3) = 4.85 N/mm2

Fd for one tie = 30.0/2 = 15.0 kN

An = Fd/ft,d = (15 x 1000)/ 4.85 = 3093 mm2
Adding A, get Ad = 1500 + 3093 = 4593 mm2
Adding 15%Ad for bolted connection, Ag = 4593 x 1.15 = 5282 mm2

Suitable section: bmin = Ag/h = 5282/175 = 30.18 mm.

Say b = 38 mm (from Table of sections)

38
 Staggered Holes

Staggered holes
I

t
I
S ta g g e re d s e c tio n = c ritic a l s e c tio n
d = d ia m e te r o f n a il

Failure line may occur in staggered section,  not considered in stress analysis

39
EXAMPLE 2: (Effective “net” cross-section)
Show the critical section for tension member U1, and determine A net
180

38
60 60 60

Two b o lts M1 2
60 60 60
180

U1

38 38 38

Solution
A = 2x38x180 = 13680 mm2
A = 2 x (12+1) x 38 x 2= 1976 mm2 (Note for bolts increase hole by 1 mm)
Anet = A - A = 11704 mm2
40
EXAMPLE 3: (Effective “net” cross-section)
Show the critical section for the tension member T1 and determine A net

F F

120
T1 T1

P re d rille d n a ils 150 50 50 50 50 150

50
5 .0 x 1 4 0 m m

Solution
A = 120 x 50 = 6000mm2
A = 3 x 5 x 50 = 750 mm2
Anet = 6000 – 750 = 5250mm2

41
 Example 3: Effect of connections
Reduction due to connections

50

150
15

30
80

Used bolt is M12

A for preliminary design purposes
A = 50 x 150 = 75 x 102 mm2 Nailed joint ………… . 0.1A
A = Abolt + A for the connector Bolted joint …………. 0.15A
A = 50d + (80-d) x 30/2 Connected joints ……. 0.25A
= 13 x 50 + 15 x (80-13)
= 16.55 x 102mm2 (Much applicable for joint design)
Anet = 58.5 x 102 mm2 (78%A)
42
EXAMPLE 4: (Effective “net” cross-section)
- Eccentricity due to notches, bolt holes, etc
J o in t g ra vity a xis
- Eccentricity in plane truss system

Additional
F moment
M in e
tension
member
Me m b e r g ra vity a xis
M = F.e

43
Effect of eccentricity neglected for normal cases where e falls near
gravity axis.

F F

e
Design for F and M with Anet, Znet.
M = F.e
Eccentricity perpendicular to plane truss system, e.g side member
in example for reduction due to connector

44
 z z'

15

Full section: A = 50 x 150 = 75 x 102 mm2

y y Zy = 50 (150)2/6 = 188 x 103mm3

150
80

z = 150 x 502/6 = 63 x 103mm3

Anet = 58.5 x 102mm2
(see previous example)
1 2 By 1st moment of area principle: e = 3mm
e
z z' Exercise
50 a)Calculate e for the above case
b) Calculate Iz’z’: Iz’z’ = 1.0472 x 106 x mm4
c) Find Zz’

Zz’ = 47.6 x 103mm3 (2

= 37.4 x 103mm3 (1)

Iy
Zy   not changed
d/2

45
 Determination of stresses

E.g. Fd = + 50 kN in x/y axis

Full section
50 x 10 3
   6 . 7 N / mm 2

75 x 10 2
Net section
P M
  
A Z
50 x 10 3 50 x 10 3 x 3
  2

58.5 x 10 37.4 x 10 3
8.5 + 4 = 12.5 N/mm 2
Approximately 50% of 8.5 N/mm2 (tensile on Anet)

46
 5.1.2. TENSION + BENDING
The stresses should satisfy the following conditions for tension parallel to
the grain direction
t  f t ,0 Fd
Anet 
 t ,0 ,d  f t ,0 ,d f t ,0 ,d
tensile stress under Design tensile
design load strength for specific design
 t ,0 ,d  m ,d
  1
f t ,0 ,d f m ,d +

If |m| > t result in compression under design load

P M
Md A Z
 m ,d  Eccentric tension (tension + bending)
Z net

47
 For tension perpendicular to grain

 t  kvol ,90 . f t ,90 ,d

Where for a volume V uniformly loaded in tension perpendicular
to the grain
1 for V  0.02m 3 
 
kvol ,90   0.45 3
 0.2 for V  0.02m 
V 

48
 Example 5
Timber : Tanzania soft wood ungraded
Project: Industrial roof truss Dar es Salaam port, light covering

D2  = 12o

A B
2 0 .0 m

b >= 5 0 Min im u m to a c c o m o d a te
b
>=
h >= 1 1 0 s h e a r rin g c o n n e c to r 50

In itia l a s s u m p tio n ; 4 rin g c o n n e c to rs ,

8 0 m m d ia m e te r a n d M1 2 Bo lts

0
11
>=
h
Forces in D2 under characteristic loads:
Imposed load; D2 = +6.0 kN
Dead load; D2 = +22.0 kN
Wind load D2 = -12.0 kN (due to wind suction) 49
 Task. Determine min dimension b/h such that loads can safely be carried.

Solution:
Material: Design strength
Moisture class = 3

f k ( table ) x k mod kmod = 0.45 long term load duration

fd 
m n kmod = 0.60 medium term duration
kmod = 0.70 short term load duration

14 x k mod ft,0,d = 4.4 N/mm2 long term

f t ,0 ,d 
1 .3 x 1 .1 5.9 N/mm2 medium term
6.9 N/mm2 short term
Load combinations
Design strength ft,0,d Design load Fd
1.Dead load 4.4N/mm 2 : 1.4(22) = +30.8 kN
2.Dead + imposed (Short term ) 6.9N/mm2 : 1.4(22) + 1.6 (6.0) = +40.4 kN
3.Dead + wind (short term) 6.9N/mm2 : 1.0(22) + 1.4 (-12) = +5.2 kN
(risk of uplift)

4.Dead + Imposed + wind (short) 6.9N/mm2 : (1.2)22 + 1.2(6) – 1.2(12) = +19.2 kN

50
Load combinations 3 and 4 give small loads  therefore they are considered
 Cross section Design
Fd
t   f t ,o ,d
An
30.8 x 10 3
1. Dead, Anet   7000 mm 3 - Governs the design
4. 4
40.4 x 10 3
2. Dead + Imposed (roof) Anet   5855 mm 2
6.9
Reduction in area
A = 2 x Aconnetors + Abolt
A = 2 x 15 x ( 80 -13) + 13b
Try b = 50 mm
A = Anet + A
A = 7000 + 2010 + 650 = 9660 mm2

From table
b/h = 50/200 A = 10000mm2
b/h = 63/175 A = 11000mm2
51
5.1.3. Compression Without Column Effect
The stresses at an angle  to the grain should satisfy the following
conditions:

c  fc,0 – (fc,0 – fc,90)sin 

c

f c ,  f c ,o  ( f c ,o  f c ,90 ) sin 
f c ,  20.0  ( 20.0  5.0 ) sin 
f c ,  20.0  15.0 sin 
52
For bearings on the side grain ( = 90o), the stresses should satisfy the
following condition:
 c  kc ,90 f c ,90 ,d
10 m m

F lo o r jo is t 45

100

If Fd = 3.8 kN, m = 1.3, n = 1.1 and kmod = 0.7, then

3.80 x 10 3 2
c   1.34 N / mm
45 x63
1.0 x 5 x 0.7
f c ,90 ,d .kc ,90   2.45 N / mm 2  1.34 N / mm 2
1.3 x 1.1 53
For bearings located at least 100mm from the end and 150 from other
loads, kc,90 may be taken from Figure 5.1.2b in other cases k c,90 = 1

T h
efactor iscalculatedfro
mtheexpressio
n kc,904 150
/l fulfilling
theco
ndition1.0k 01
c,9 .8.
An estimate of the influence of the deformations resulting from compression
perpendicular to grain should always be made. The deformation
perpendicular to grain U can be estimated from

 c ,90 ,d
u  k u , 90 .h
E 90
 l 
 l  2 h for a  h 
where k u ,90  
 l ( 3  2 ( 1  a )2 for a  h
 l  2 h h 
Other parameters are indicated in the following figure;
54
 a l

d efo rm atio n

55
 5.1.4 Beam Design
The effective span of flexural members shall be taken as the distance
between the centers of areas of bearing. With members extended further
than is necessary over bearings, the span may be measured between the
centers of bearings of a length which would be adequate according to this
code, attention should be paid to the eccentricities on the supporting
structure.
Some of the properties of beams are herein shown:
L oad P u rlin
u p t o 1800

B en d in g stress z
D eflection Fz F
tap ered
g lu elam Fy
y y

cu rv ed z
L ateral in stab ility
S k ew b en d in g
56
5.1.4.1 (a) Bending without lateral instability

The governing equation shall be;

m,d  fm,d
Md Md
with  m ,d  and Z net 
Z net f m ,d
where m,d = bending stress under design load
fm,d = bending strength for specific design case

Rectangular section:
I  I
The net section modulus is obtained from Z net 
h/ 2
I b
M M
a1
y yh
a2

I z
57
The critical section is I –I.
- shift of center of gravity of net area as compared to gross area
- Hole 1 may be considered only if not fulfilled by connection means
3 3
ba ba
I  2a1  b .d 2  1  2
12 12
The last 2 terms are neglected because they are too small.

For rectangular section without holes,

Gra v ity a x is a t
n e t s e c tio n
M M b .h 2
h Z net 
6
e

where h = height at net section

58
 5.1.4.2(b) Failure by lateral instability (lateral/buckling)
The bending stresses should satisfy the following condition:
  m  k inst . f m ,d ….(5.1.3a)
 kinst (instability factor for flexural members): is a factor which takes into account the
reduced strength due to failure by lateral instability (lateral buckling). kinst is
determined so that the total bending stress, taking into account the effect of initial
curvature, eccentricities and deformations developed, do not exceed fm
The strength reduction may be disregarded, i.e kinst = 1, if displacements and torsion
are prevented at the supports and if
 m  f m /  m ,crit  0.75 ….(5.1.3b)

In Eqn. (5.1.3b), m is the slenderness ratio for bending and m,crit is the critical bending
stress calculated according to the classical theory of stability.
kinst may also be put equal to 1.0 for beams where lateral
displacement of the compression side is prevented throughout its
length and where torsion is prevented at the supports.

kinst may be determined from Figure 5.1.3 if the initial lateral deviation
from straightness measured at mid span is less than l/200.

59
 k in st
1 .0 The curve corresponds to:
 m < 0.75 : kinst = 1.0

0.75 <  m < 1.4:

kinst = 1.56 – 0.75 m
0 .5
1.4 <  m : kinst = 1.0/ m2

Figure 5.1.3

0 0.7 5 1 1.4 2 3
S len d ern ess ratio m (Determined according to Eqn. 5.1.3c overleaf)

l
  is fulfilled by First and Second strength grades in East Africa
200
grading rules.
60
Extract CIB-CODE
For a beam with rectangular cross-section kinst may be determined from Figure.
5.1.3 with the slenderness ratio m determined from:

l e h f m ,d E o ,mean
m  ….(5.1.3c)
b 2 E o ,d G mean

where le is the effective length of the beam. For a number of structures and
load combinations le is given in Table 5.1.3. in relation to the free beam length

[Alternatively, one can use the figure given in folio 62 to determine m ]

For beam with rectangular cross-section b/h:

The slenderness ratio as given in (5.1.3c) depends on material properties,
loading time and moisture class. For data as given in 4.1.1-2 and mean values
of loading time and moisture class, the diagram given in page 5.1.3 –4 might
be used for ungraded (“structural”) Tanzanian conifers (softwoods):

61
m for Lateral Instability in Bending

62
Effective beam length le; free beam length l

Table 5.1.3 Relative effective beam length le/l

Type of beam and load le/l

Simply supported, uniform load or equal end moment 1.00
Simply supported, concentrated load at center 0.85
Cantilever, uniform load 0.60
Cantilever, concentrated end load 0.85
Cantilever, end moment 1.00

The values apply to loads acting in the gravity axis. For downward acting loads, le is
increased by 2h for loads applied to the top and reduced by 0.5h for loads applied to
the bottom
The free length is determined as follows:
a) When lateral support to prevent rotation is provided at points of bearing and no
other support to prevent rotation or lateral displacement is provided throughout the
length of a beam, the unsupported length shall be the distance between points of
bearing, or the length of a cantilever.
b) When beams are provided with lateral support to prevent both rotation and lateral
displacement at intermediate points as well as at the ends, the unsupported length
may be the distance between such points of intermediate lateral support. If lateral
displacement is not prevented at points of intermediate support, the unsupported
length shall be the distance between points of bearing.
63
 Free beam length L:
Lateral support to prevent both rotation and lateral displacement!

Vie w L L L

spacing of beam s
L h
b

b
b

P la n
Without lateral support With lateral support

64
EXAMPLE; Beam design (lateral instability)
Determine suitable cross sectional dimensions for residential floor joists with
regard to bending and lateral instability. Spacing of beams = 600mm c/c, span
L = 3600mm, moisture class 2. Dead load = 0.8kN/m2, imposed load =
1.5kN/m2 (assumption of distribution of single loads through decking). Compare
results if lateral displacement of compression side is;
a) prevented by decking,
b) not prevented.
b

0
360

65
Solution
Step 1: Member design
L = 3600 mm, Spacing = 600 mm, moisture class 2.
Assume: lateral displacement is prevented
Wd = 0.6(0.8 x 1.4 + 1.5 x 1.6) = 2.11 kN/m
Md = WdL2/8 = 2.11 x 3.62/8 = 3.42 kNm
fm,d = fk x kmod/(m x n) = 22.0 x 0.7/(1.3 x 1.1) = 10.8 N/mm2
Zmin = Md/fm,d = 3.42 x 106/10.8 = 317 x 103 mm3
Select b/h = 63/200 with Z = 420 x 103 mm3 or 50/200 with Z = 333 x 103 mm3

Step 2:Check for deflection wl 3

I min  .k u
k mod .E
Critical Case: Lateral displacement not prevented
le = 3600 mm, h = 200, le/h = 18, h/b = 200/63 = 3.2
From graph, m = 0.9, kinst = 0.87
M d 3.42  10 6
 m ,d    8. 1 N / mm 2
Actual stress due to design
Zy 420  10 3
moment.
m  kinst x fm,d
8.1  0.87 x 10.8
8.1 < 9.40 N/mm2 - O.K Note: Section 50/200 fails 66
EXAMPLE (beam design, lateral instability)
A floor joints as shown below (lateral support at points of
support only) is loaded by a medium-term design load wd = 2.40
kN/m if the joists are spaced at 1.0m intervals. Material design
strength fm,d = 10.8 N/mm2, .
Determine the maximum allowable spacing, S, such that the
given load can safely be carried (deflection, shear, bearing stress
not, to be considered).
50

200

67
SOLUTION
Assuming 1.0m spacing
2 2
wl 4 .0 x 4 .0
Md   2. 4 x  4.8 kNm .
8 8
Z y  333 x 10 3 mm 3
4.8 x 10 6
design stress ,  m ,d   14 . 4 N / mm 2

333 x 10 3
h 200 l e 4000  2 x 200
Lateral instabilit y ;   4,   22
b 50 h 200

from page 5.1.- 4, m = 1.25

Design condition: m,d .S  kinst. fm,d

From page 5.1.3, kinst = 0.63

14.4 x S = 0.63 x 10.8

S = 0.63 x 10.8/14.4 = 0.470 m

Therefore the spacing S  0.47 m 68

D e f le c t i o n o f b e a m s
R e c o m m e n d e d li m its :

 F lo o r b e a m s , r o o f s t r u c t u r e s ( r e s i d e n t ia l , o f f i c e , e t c )   L / 300
o t h e r r o o f s t r u c t u r e s ( i n d u s t r ia l , a g r i c u l t u r a l, e t c )   L / 200 *
( * L / 4 0 0 f o r t r u s s e s w h e r e s l i p i n j o i n t s i s n o t c o n s id e r e d )
4
M i n I : t o a c h ie v e r e c o m m e n d e d li m its fo r b e a m s (s o lid s e c tio n s ) ( n o te : t o o b ta in I in m m ta k e a ll v a lu e s in N
a n d m m !)

min I  wl 3
k / E F a c to r k u fo r min I  Pl 2
k / E F a c to r k u fo r
u u
d e f le c t io n l i m it d e f le c t io n l i m it
L /2 0 0 L /3 0 0 L /2 0 0 L /3 0 0
w P

L 2 .6 0 3 .9 0 L/ 2 L/ 2 4 .1 7 6 .2 6

w P P

L 1 .0 8 1 .6 2 L/ 3 L/ 3 L/ 3 7 .1 0 1 0 .7 0

w P

L 0 .5 2 0 .7 8 L/ 2 L/ 2 1 .8 6 2 .7 9
w P

L 2 5 .0 0 3 7 .5 0 L/ 2 L/ 2 1 .0 4 1 .5 6
P
L 5 6 .7 1 0 0 .0
69
w, P : as f = 1.0 for serviceability limit states, w and P are to
be taken as the characteristic loads (CP 3 or BRU
Technical Guideline No.2)

E: mean value of modulus of elasticity for respective load

duration and moisture class, i.e for ungraded Tanzanian
softwoods (conifers): E = 85000 (N/mm2). kmod (table (2)
kmod for deformation calculations ) – see 3.-2

70
EXAMPLE (beam design, deflection)
Example 5.1.3-7 continued:
Determine suitable cross-sectional dimensions for floor joists with regard to
deflection. Spacing c/c = 600mm, span L = 3600mm, moisture class 2. Dead
load = 0.8 kN/m2, imposed load 1.5 kN/m2.

Floor joist (residential), single span, L = 3600mm spacing, moisture class 2 dead + imposed load
(i.e medium-term combination) : w = 0.6 x (0.8 + 1.5) = 1.38kN/m
min I = 1.38 x 36003 x 3.90 / (8500 x 0.8) = 3692x104 mm4 eg.b/h = 63/200
(table 7 with I = 4200 x 104mm4

Compare with min Z from stress/strength analysis:

w d  0.6 x( 0.8 x 1.4  1.5 x 1.6 )  2.11 kN / m
M d  2.11 x 3.6 2 / 8  3.42 kNm ; f m ,d  22.0 x0.7 /( 1.3 x 1.1 )  10.8 N / mm 2
min Z  3.42 x 10 6 / 10.8  317 x 10 3 mm 3

Choose b/h = 63/200 (table 7) with I = 4200 x 104 mm4 (50/200 may be
acceptable with max deflection 10% above recommended limit)
note: lateral displacement of compression side prevented
71
(f) Skew bending : purlin

Bending of purlins

P z ,w z M y ,d M z ,d
 m ,d  f m ,d with  m , d   ,
Zy Zz
bh 2 b2h
where Zy  , and Zz 
Py ,w y 6 6
h
Deflection:
l
  Z 2  y 2  respective ly l / 200
300
b For rectangular section with same system and
same type of loading for Z, and y direction

 as 5.1.310
same
 b 4  L3
min I y   1  ( ) ( w z . .ku )
 h  E

72
Example for Skewed Bending
Given: L = 2.50m, wuls = 2.11 kN/m, wsls = 1.38 kN/m, roof angle =
250, moisture class 2, Medium-term loading, m = 1.2, and n = 1.1;
Task : Design the skewed beam
Solution:
wz = 2.11 cos 250 = 1.91 kN/m
wy = 2.11 sin 250 = 0.89 kN/m
Mv = wz .L2/8 = 1.49 kNm
MH = wy.L2/8 = 0.70 kNm

kmod = 0.7 for strength and kmod = 0.8 for deflection

fm,d = 22 x 0.7/(1.2 x 1.1) = 11.7 N/mm2
Zy = Mv/fm,d = 1.49 x 1000000/11.7 = 127.4 x 103 mm3
Choose 75/150 with Iy =2109 x 104 mm4, Zy = 281 x 103 mm3,
and Zz = 141 x 103 mm3
73
 Mv M H
Control condition :  m ,d  f m ,d but  m ,d  
Zy Zz

Therefore

M v M H 1.49 x 10 6 0.70 x 10 6
 m ,d    3
 3
 10.27 N / mm 2
 f m ,d
Zy Zz 281 x 10 141 x 10
Deflection
check:
 as 5.1.310
same
 b 4  L3
min I y   1  ( ) ( w z . .ku )
 h  E
4
 75  2500 3
min I y  1   1.91   3.9  1764  10 4 mm 4
 150  0.8  8500
4
< 2109 x 10 mm4 OK

74
 SHEAR
The shear stresses should satisfy the following condition
d  fv,d
z z
A1


z1
z
y y y y 


z z

V .S y ( z )
z  where Sy(z) = A1 x Z1 = statical moment of area
I y .b
d = shear stress under design load
1.5Vd fv,d = design shear strength for specific design
max d 
Anet case relevant in parallel to grain shear
75
 SHEAR IN BEAMS NOTCHED AT THE END
Notches in the bottom
  t,9 0
he
h

Combined action of shear and tension perpendicular to the grain.

he
h

e a

For a < 3(h – he)

he a
d  (  ). f v ,d
h 3 h 1.5V
   where  d 
hnotch bhe
F
o
r0
.
5
e
0 .75a
d
di
t
io
na
l
st
ru
c
tu
r
a
lm
ea
s
ur
e
sa
r
es
u
gg
es
t
ed
. 76
h
Example (5.1,4-3) (rear example ctd)

Solution
w d ( 3.6) 2.11 x 3.6
Vd    3.80kN
2 2
1.5 x 3.8 x10 3
d   0.45 N / mm 2
63 x 200
2 . 0 x 0. 7
f v ,d   0.98 N / mm 2
1.3 x1.1
i .e  d  f v ,d O.K

For beams notched at the ends, see fig. 5.1.4b, the shear stress should be
calculated on the effective depth he and for notches in the bottom the
condition (5.1.4a) should, for a < 3(h – he) be replaced by:
knotch x fv

Notches with he < 0.5h are not allowed.

77
EXAMPLE 1 - Shear stress in beam end support
Check the shear stresses in the floor joists with cross-sections resulting
from bending design: a) full cross-section, b) 50mm deep notch for more
lateral stability during construction.

Solution
Vd = wd x L/2 = 2.11 x 3.6/2 = 3.80 kN
Full cross section 1.5Vd 1.5 x 3800
d    0.45 N / mm 2
bhe 63 x 200
50 150

200
f v .k mod 2.0 ( 0.7 )
200

f v ,d    0.98 N / mm 2
 m . n 1.3 x 1.1

63 Since d < fv,d OK

50 mm deep notch
he/h = 150/200 = 0.75; a = 0
d = 1.5 x 3800/(63 x 150) = 0.60 N/mm2
knotch = (he/h + a/3h) = 0.75;
Condition: d  knotch. fv : 0.60 < 0.75 x 0.98 = 0.74 N/mm2 78
0.60 N/mm2 < 0.74 N/mm2  OK
EXAMPLE 2
A house built in a coastal area is with a timber floor. The floor joists (beams)
are spaced at 500 mm c/c. The dead load from the floor battens is 0.9
kN/m2 and the imposed load is 1.0 kN/m2. The density of timber joists is
790 kg/m3, the building accuracy is moderately accurate and the safety
class is serious. The floor joists have notched ends (see Figure 1),
having b = 63 mm, he = 175 mm, and h = 225 mm. Determine the
following;
i. Shear force, V
ii. Ultimate bending moment, M
i. Check the suitability of the section at mid-span assuming that the lateral

instability is not prevented and that the effective length le = Lo.

iv. Check for deflection at mid-span andz shear at the supports.

he
h
225
y

63

w (k N /m )

3 .25m 79
SOLUTION
Loading self weight, ws = 0.063 x 0.225 x 1 x 790 x 9.81/1000 = 0.11 kN/m
other dead load, = 0.9 x 1.0 x 0.5 = 0.45 kN/m
Total dead load = 0.45 + 0.11 = 0.56 kN/m
imposed load = 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.5 = 0.50 kN/m
Load at SLS = (0.56+ 0.50) = 1.06 kN/m
Design load at USL, w = 1.4(0.56)+ 1.6(0.5) = 1.584 kN/m
Partial safety factors
moisture class 3 (coastal areas)
Load duration : medium - term
for moderate accurate building, m = 1.3
for floor structures, safety class is serious: n = 1.1
Therefore kmod = 0.60

Shear force V = 1.584 x 3.25/2 = 2.574 kN

Mmax = wl2/8 = 1.584 x 3.252/8 = 2.10 kNm (at mid span)

From table: Zy = 532 x 103 mm3 : Iy = 5980 x 104 mm4

- m = M/Z = 2.574 x 106/532 x 103 = 4.84 N/mm2
- fm,d = 22 x 0.60/(1.3 x 1.1) = 9.23 N/mm2
from m < fm,d --- OK (but check for lateral instability)
80
 le = 3250 mm
le/h = 3250/225 = 14.44
h/b = 225/63 = 3.57
m = 0.90
kinst = 0.90
Condition m  kinst x fm,d
< 0.9 x 9.23
4.84 N/mm2 < 8.30 N/mm2 OK ( but check for
deflection)
wl 3 k u ku = 3.9 (for simply supported and udl)
I min  kmod = 0.7 (for deflection)
E 0 k mod wSLS = 1.06 kN/m = 1.06 N/mm
1.06  ( 3250 ) 3
I min   3.9  2385  10 4 mm 4< 5980 x 104 mm4 OK
8500  0.7

81
 (iv) Shear check

d 
1.5V 1.5  2.574  1000
d   0.35 N / mm 2
bhe 63  175

 he a  175 00
k notch       0.778
 h 3 h  225 3  250
2  0.60
,

k notch f v ,d  0.778   0.72 N / mm 2 > 0.35 N/mm2 OK

1.1  1.3

Since d < knotch .fv,d, Shear check is OK

82