RASTER ANALYSIS

Ellen-Wien Augustijn
2017
RASTER ANALYSIS (PART I)

 Measurements  Overlay
 Location  Arithmetic operators
 Distance  Comparison operators
 Area size  Logical operators
 Classification  Conditional expressions
 User controlled  Decision tables
 Automatic

2
Raster measurements - Location

 Location of an individual cell is Resolution: 20 x 20 meters

derived from anchor point and
resolution
 A cell’s location can be defined by
the coordinates of its lower left
corner or its midpoint

Cell location:
X: 25546 X: 25546 + 30= 25576
Y: 468678
Y: 468678 + 30 = 468708
Raster Measurements - Distance

 The Euclidean distance between

Cell size = 30 m x 30 m
two cells is the distance
between their mid-points

√(2-6)2 + (2-3)2 * cell size

Raster Measurements – Area Size

 Area Size =
number of cells * cell size

 The number of cells is also called

the frequency or count

Cell size: 30 m x 30 m
900 * 5 = 4500 m2
 Raster Measurements – Area Size

 Does the area depend on the raster size?

Cell size: 30 m x 30 m Cell size: 10 m x 10 m

900 * 5 = 4500 m2 100 * 36 = 3600 m2
RASTER ANALYSIS (PART I)

 Measurements  Overlay
 Location  Arithmetic operators
 Distance  Comparison operators
 Area size  Logical operators
 Classification  Conditional expressions
 User controlled  Decision tables
 Automatic

7
 (Re) Classification

 it removes details to reveal patterns

 It produces a new output dataset
 a new attribute in vector
 a new raster layer in raster
 If input = classification  reclassification
 User controlled classification
 Classification table
 Automatic classification
 Equal interval technique
 Equal frequency technique
 (Re) Classification – User Controlled

 In user-controlled classification
Old value New value
we indicate the classification
attribute (“old” and “new”) 391 - 2474 1

 This is normally done via a 2475 - 6030 2

classification table 6031 - 8164 3

Code Old value New value

10 Planned Residential
Residential
Top table, the original values are 20 Industrial Commercial
ranges; lower table the original
values were a classification. 30 Commercial Commercial
(Re) Classification - Automatic

 User specifies the number of

output classes. Create 8 classes
 Computer decides the class
Use “equal interval”
break points.
 Two possibilities are
discussed:
 Equal frequency
 Equal interval
 (Re) Classification - Automatic

Equal interval
 calculated as (vmax – vmin) /n
Vmax is the maximum attribute
value, vmin is the minimum attribute
value and n is the number of
classes.

In our example: (10-1) / 5 ≈ 2

Each class “contains” two values
T
w
o

o
r
i
(Re) Classification - Automatic

Equal frequency
 Also called quantile
 calculated as
total number of features
number of classes (n)

The objective is to create

categories with roughly equal
Total number of
number of features (or
cells 25 / 5 = 5
cells). cells per class
(Re) Classification - Automatic

 Horizontal axis = original values.

 Vertical axis = frequency.
 Class boundaries are the blue
vertical lines.

 In the equal interval example, the

blue lines are equally spaced.

 In the equal frequency technique,

when the frequency goes up, the
class intervals become narrower.
RASTER ANALYSIS (PART I)

 Measurements  Overlay
 Location  Arithmetic operators
 Distance  Comparison operators
 Area size  Logical operators
 Classification  Conditional expressions
 User controlled  Decision tables
 Automatic

14
Raster Overlay

 New cell values are calculated using map algebra / raster calculus.
 Performed on cell-by-cell basis.
 No geometric calculation

 Operators:
 Arithmetic overlay operators
 Comparison and logical operators
 Conditional expressions
 Decision table

Output_raster_name := Raster_calculus_expression
 Overlay – Arithmetic Operators

Raster 1 Arithmetic operators

 +, -, *, /
 MOD (modulo division)
 DIV (integer division)
 Goniometric operators
Raster 2:= Raster1 * sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan.
5  Etc.
25

? := 5 * 5 MOD (9,2) = 1
Overlay - Arithmetic Operators

Examples
Overlay - Comparison Operators

Comparison operators: <, <=, =, >=, >, <>

test whether one expression is larger, smaller, equal, etc. than another
expression
 can be used in combination with logical operators or conditional
functions
Using only a comparison operator in a formula, the formula will be a
Boolean statement, e.g. MapC := MapA <> MapB
Overlay - Comparison Operators

25 25 15 10

15 20 20 10

10 15 20 5

5 10 15 5

Output_raster := Input_raster < 15

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
True: 1 1 0 0 1
False: 0 1 1 0 1
Overlay – Logical Operators
Boolean Operators

A B = A B intersection
AND

A OR B = A B union

A XOR B = A B exclusion
(either A or B, but
not both)

A NOT B = A B negation
Overlay – Logical Operators
Examples Boolean Operators
 Overlay – Logical Operator AND

Steep slope

Forest
AND

Landuse = forest Slope class = steep

 Overlay – Logical Operator OR

Steep slope
Forest
OR

Landuse = forest Slope class = steep

 Overlay – Logical Operator XOR

Steep slope

Forest
XOR

Slope class = steep

Landuse = forest
Overlay – Comparison & Logical

Examples of “complex” logical expressions

Overlay - Conditional Expressions

A B
Conditional expressions:
 test a condition
 if the expression is true, the
then_expression will be evaluated
 if the expression is false the
else_expression will be executed.
A conditional expression can lead Output:=Con (A <15 OR B=2, A,
to many different types of outputs, 40)
numeric value but also true/false

Output_raster:= CON (condition, then_expression, else_expression)

Overlay - Conditional Expressions

Examples
Overlay - Conditional Expressions

Show only the areas covered by forest

Forest := Con (Landuse=“forest”,”forest”)

Overlay - Using Decision Tables

 Decision tables:
 The same as Conditional
statements, but presented in a
different way.
 They guide the overlay
process
The table above lists two input  list all possible combinations of
layers, Landuse and Geology
Landuse has three values (Forest, input values, and of output
Grass, Lake) and Geology has values.
two values (Alluvial and Shale).
 for complicated conditional
For each combination it lists the expressions
output values.
Overlay - Conditional Expressions /Decision table

Suitability:= Con ((Landuse = “Forest” AND Geology = “Alluvial”)

OR ( Landuse = “Grass” AND Geology = “Shale”), “Suitable”,
“Unsuitable”)
Overlay - Using Decision Tables

Example
Summary – Part I

Measurements
 Raster measurements include location, distance and area size.

Classification
(Re)Classification is used to reduce the complexity of a layer in order to
show patterns

 Two types of classifications

 user controlled classification
 automatic classification

 In user controlled classification the user creates a classification table

Summary – Part I (continued)

 In automatic classification the user determines the number of classes

and the classification technique

 Two automatic classification techniques were discussed:

 Equal interval
 Equal frequency

Overlay
 Arithmetic operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Conditional expressions
 Decision tables