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ECT401

The document discusses antenna radiation patterns and their parameters such as lobes, directivity, and polarization. It defines key radiation pattern concepts like the major lobe containing maximum radiation, side lobes adjacent to the major lobe, and back lobes opposite the major lobe. Additionally, it explains isotropic antennas with equal radiation in all directions, omnidirectional antennas that radiate uniformly in a plane, and directional antennas that radiate power in a desired direction.

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Anwarshahin NK
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92 views29 pages

ECT401

The document discusses antenna radiation patterns and their parameters such as lobes, directivity, and polarization. It defines key radiation pattern concepts like the major lobe containing maximum radiation, side lobes adjacent to the major lobe, and back lobes opposite the major lobe. Additionally, it explains isotropic antennas with equal radiation in all directions, omnidirectional antennas that radiate uniformly in a plane, and directional antennas that radiate power in a desired direction.

Uploaded by

Anwarshahin NK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECT401

MICROWAVES AND ANTENNA


Prof. Lubaib P
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
TKM CE Kollam
Radiation Pattern
• 3 D plot of power radiated by antenna

• It is a mathematical & graphical function of radiative


properties of an antenna
with respect to the spatial
coordinates

• Field Pattern, Power Pattern


Radiation Pattern Parameters
• Null- Direction where there
is no field

• Lobes- Portion of radiation


pattern between nulls

• Major Lobe-Lobe containing


maximum radiation

• Minor lobe-any lobe other


than major lobe
• Side lobes-Lobes which are adjacent to the major lobes &
occupies hemisphere in the direction of major lobe
• Back lobe- It is the lobe that occupies hemisphere in a
direction opposite to the major lobe
• An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is defined as “a
mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation
properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates”.
• A trace of the received electric (magnetic) field at a constant radius is
called the amplitude field pattern.
• Onthe other hand, a graph of the spatial variation of the power
density along a constant radius is called an amplitude power pattern.
• Oftenthe field and power patterns are normalized with respect to
their maximum value, yielding normalized field and power patterns.
• Also, the power patternis usually plotted ona logarithmic scale or
more commonly indecibels (dB).
 field pattern(in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the magnitude of
the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
 power pattern(in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square of the
magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
 power pattern(in dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic
field, indecibels, as a functionof the angular space.
• In this and subsequent patterns, the plus (+) and minus (−) signs in the
lobes indicate the relative polarization of the amplitude between the
various lobes, which changes (alternates) as the nulls are crossed.
• To find the points where the pattern achieves its half-power (−3 dB
points), relative to the maximum value of the pattern, you set the value
of the

 field pattern at 0.707 value of its maximum, as shown in Figure (a)


 power pattern (in a linear scale) at its 0.5 value of its maximum, as shown in
Figure (b)
 power pattern (in dB) at −3 dBvalue of its maximum, as shown in Figure (c).
Radiation Pattern Lobes
• Various parts of a radiationpatternare referred to as lobes, which may
be subclassified into major or main, minor, side, an d back lobes.
• A radiation lobe is a “portion of the radiation pattern bounded by
regions of relatively weak radiation intensity.”
• A major lobe (also called main beam) is defined as “the radiation lobe
containing the direction of maximum radiation.”
• A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe.
• A side lobe is “a radiationlobe inany directionother thanthe intended
lobe.” (Usually a side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies
the hemisphere in the direction of the mainbeam.)
• A back lobe is “a radiationlobe whose axis makes anangle of
approximately 180◦ with respect to the beam of an antenna.” Usually it
refers to a minor lobe that occupies the hemisphere in a direction
opposite to that of the major (main) lobe
• Minor lobes usually represent radiation in undesired directions, and
they should be minimized. Side lobes are normally the largest of the
minor lobes.
Isotropic, Directional, and
Omnidirectional Patterns
• An isotropic radiator is defined as “a hypothetical lossless antenna having equal
radiation in all directions.” Although it is ideal and not physically realizable, it is
often taken as a reference for expressing the directive properties of actual
antennas.
• A directional antenna is one “having the property of radiating or receiving
electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than in others. This
term is usually applied to an antenna whose maximum directivity is
significantly greater than that of a half-wave dipole.”
• omnidirectional is defined as one “having an essentially nondirectional pattern
in a given plane (in this case in azimuth) and a directional pattern in any
orthogonal plane (in this case in elevation).” An omnidirectional patternis thena
special type of a directional pattern.
Isotropic Antenna
• Antenna operates equally in all direction

• Theoretical Antenna

• Directivity 0dBi

Radiation Pattern
Omnidirectional Antenna
• Radiates power uniformly in all direction in a plane.
• Eg: monopole and dipole antenna
Radiation
Pattern of
a Dipole
Antenna
Directional Antenna
• Radiates power in a desired direction
Radian
• Measure of plane angle –radian
• One radian is defined as the plane angle with its vertex at
the center of a circle of radius r that is subtended by an
arc whose length is r.
• Since the circumference of a circle of radius r is C = 2πr,
there are 2π rad (2πr/r) in a full circle.
Steradian
• The measure of a solid angle is a steradian. One steradian is
defined as the solid angle with its vertex at the center of a
sphere of radius r that is subtended by a spherical surface
area equal to that of a square with each side of length r.
Since the area of a sphere of radius r is A = 4πr2, there are
4π sr (4πr2/r2) in a closed sphere.

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