Chapter 4

Systems of
Linear Equations;
Matrices

Section 4
Matrices:
Basic Operations

Copyrightfor
Barnett, Finite Mathematics © 2015, 2011, and
Business, 2008 Pearson
Economics, Education, Inc.
Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 1
 Matrix Addition and Subtraction
Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and their
corresponding elements are equal.

a b c  u v w a u bv cw
d e    if and only if
 f  x y x d x e y f z

The sum of two matrices of the same size is the matrix with
elements that are the sum of corresponding elements of the
two given matrices.

Addition is not defined for matrices of different sizes.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 2
 Example 1 Matrix Addition
A) a b   w x  a  w b  x 
c d    y z    c  y d  z 
     

 2 3 0   3 2 7   5 1 7 
B)  1 2 5   2 3 2    1 5 7 
     

 2 4
C)  2 5   3 2 7  Not defined. Matrices are not the same size.
  2 3 2
 6 0   

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 3
 Example 1 Matrix Addition Using
Graphing Calculator Technology
B)  2 3 0   3 2 7   5 1 7 
 1 2 5   2 3 2    1 5 7 
     
Input the matrices. Find the sum.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 4
 Matrix Properties
When matrices A, B, and C are matrices of the same size, then
the following properties hold:

Commutative: A + B = B + A

Associative: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 5
 Zero Matrix
A matrix with elements that are all zero is called a zero
matrix.
0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 
0 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
   
are zero matrices of different sizes.
Note: The simpler notation “0” is often used to denote the
zero matrix of an arbitrary size.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 6
 Negative of a Matrix
The negative of a matrix M, denoted by –M is a matrix with
elements that are the negatives of the elements in M.

a b   a b 
If M    then M   
 c d    c  d 

For a matrix M of any size, M + (–M) = 0 (a zero matrix).

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 7
 Subtraction of Matrices
If A and B are matrices of the same size, we define
subtraction as follows:

A – B = A + (–B)

To subtract matrix B from matrix A, we simply add the

negative of B to A.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 8
 Example 2 Matrix Subtraction
 2 3  1 4   2 3  1 4   3 7 
 0 2    1 4    0 2    1 4    1 2 
         

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 9
 Example 3 Matrix Equations

Find a, b, c, and d so that

 a b   2 2   4 3 
 c d    1 4    3 2 
     
Solution
 a b   2 2   4 3  Subtract the matrices
 c d    1 4    3 2  on the left side.
     
a  2 b  2   4 3 Use the definition of
 c  1 d  4    3 2  equality to change this
   
matrix equation into four
real number equations.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 10
 Example 3 Matrix Equations

Solve the individual real number equations.

a  2  4 b  2  3 c  1  3 d  4  2
a6 b 1 c  4 d 6

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 11
 Product of a Number k and a
Matrix M
The product of a number k and a matrix M, denoted by kM,
is a matrix formed by multiplying each element of M by k.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 12
 Example 4 Multiplication of a
Matrix by a Number

 2 5 0   (3)(2) (3)(5) (3)(0) 

3  3 1 2   (3)(3) (3)(1) (3)(2) 
 6 1 4   (3)(6) (3)(1) ( 3)(4) 

 6 15 0 
  9 3 6 
 18 3 12 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 13
 Example 5 Sales Commissions

Ms. Smith and Mr. Juarez are salespeople in a new-car

agency that sells only two models.
August was the last month for this year’s models, and next
year’s models were introduced in September.
Gross dollar sales for each month are given in the following
matrices.
August Sales September Sales
Compact Luxury Compact Luxury
Ms. Smith  $54, 000 $88, 000  $228, 000 $368, 000 
  A   B
Mr. Juarez $126, 000 0 $304, 000 $322, 000 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 14
 Example 5 (A) Sales Commissions
August Sales September Sales
Compact Luxury Compact Luxury
Ms. Smith  $54, 000 $88, 000  $228, 000 $368, 000 
  A   B
Mr. Juarez $126, 000 0 $304, 000 $322, 000 
What were the combined dollar sales in August and
September for each salesperson and each model?

Solution Compact Luxury

$282, 000 $456, 000  Ms. Smith
A B    Mr. Juarez
 $430, 000 $322, 000 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 15
 Example 5 (B) Sales Commissions
August Sales September Sales
Compact Luxury Compact Luxury
Ms. Smith  $54, 000 $88, 000  $228, 000 $368, 000 
  A   B
Mr. Juarez $126, 000 0 $304, 000 $322, 000 
What was the increase in dollar sales from August to
September?

Solution Compact Luxury

$174, 000 $280, 000  Ms. Smith
B A   Mr. Juarez
 $178, 000 $322, 000 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 16
 Example 5 (C) Sales Commissions
August Sales September Sales
Compact Luxury Compact Luxury
Ms. Smith  $54, 000 $88, 000  $228, 000 $368, 000 
  A   B
Mr. Juarez $126, 000 0 $304, 000 $322, 000 
If both salespeople receive 5% commission on gross dollar
sales, compute the commission for each person for each
model sold in September.
Solution
 (0.05)($228, 000) (0.05)($368, 000) 
0.05B   
 (0.05)($304, 000) (0.05)($322, 000) 

 $11, 400 $18, 400  Ms. Smith

 
 $15, 200 $16,100  Mr. Juarez
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 17
 Matrix Product

Definition Product of a Row Matrix and a Column Matrix

The product of a 1×n row matrix and an n×1 column

matrix is a 1×1 matrix given by
 b1 
b 
a1 a2  an   2   a1b1  a2b2    anbn 
 
 
bn 

The number of elements in the row matrix and in the column

matrix must be the same for the product to be defined.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 18
 Example 6 Product of a Row
Matrix and a Column Matrix

2
 3
3 2 4 0    (3)(2)  (2)(3)  (4)(5)  (0)(7) 
5
 
7
 6  6  20  0  32

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 19
 Example 7 Labor Costs

A factory produces a slalom water ski that requires 3 labor-

hours in the assembly department and 1 labor-hour in the
finishing department.
Assembly personnel receive $9 per hour and finishing
personnel receive $6 per hour.
Use matrix multiplication to find the total labor cost per ski.
9 
Solution 3 1    (3)(9)  (1)(6)  27  6  33
6
or $33 per ski.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 20
 Definition Matrix Product

If A is an m×p matrix and B is a p×n matrix, then the

matrix product of A and B, denoted AB, is an m×n matrix
whose element in the ith row and jth column is the real
number obtained from the product of the ith row of A and
the jth column of B.

If the number of columns in A does not equal the number

of rows in B, the matrix product AB is not defined.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 21
 Size of Matrix Product
It is important to check sizes before starting the matrix
multiplication process.

If A is an a×b matrix and B is a c×d matrix, then if b = c, the

product AB will exist and will be an a×d matrix.

If b ≠ c, the product AB does not exist.

For example, if A is 2×3 and B is 3×2 then the product AB

exists and is 2×2.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 22
 Matrix Product Example
Determine if the product AB exists, and if so, find the
product.  1 3
 2 3 1
A  B   2 0 
 2 1 2   1 2 

Solution Matrix A is 2×3 and matrix B is 3×2. The product

AB exists and is 2×2.
 1  3 
 2 0  
  2 3 1    2 3 1 
 1 3 
 2 3 1    1  2  
AB    2 0   
 2 1 2    1  3 
 1 2   2 1 2  2 
   2 1 2 0  
  1  2  

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 23
 Matrix Product Example
 1 3 

  2 3 1 2
  2 3 1 0  
  1  2  
AB   
 1  3 
 2 1 2  2 
   2 1 2 0  
  1  2  

(2)(1)  (3)(2)  ( 1)( 1) (2)(3)  (3)(0)  ( 1)(2) 

 
 ( 2)(1)  (1)(2)  (2)( 1) ( 2)(3)  (1)(0)  (2)(2) 

 9 4
AB   
 2 2 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 24
 Example 8 (A) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 2 1
1 1 0 1
A   1 0  B   Find AB.
2 1 2 0
 1 2   
 2 1
 1   1 1 0 1
Solution AB  0 

 2 1 2 0 
 1 2 
 1   1 1   0
 2 1   2 1   2 1    2 1  
 2 1 0   2
 1   1 1   0
  1 0   1 0   1 0    1 0  
 2 1 0   2
 
1 1   1 0 1  
2   1 2   1 2   1 2   
 2 1  2 0  
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 25
 Example 8 (A) Matrix
Multiplication continued
 1   1 1  
0
 2 1   2 1   2 1  
2 1   
 2 1 0  2
 1   1 1  
0
AB   1 0   1 0   1 0  
1 0   
 2 1 0  2
 
1 2 1  
 
1  
0  
1
 2 1 2   1 2   1 2   
  1  2 0 

 (2)(1)  (1)(2) (2)(1)  (1)(1) (2)(0)  (1)(2) (2)(1)  (1)(0) 

AB   (1)(1)  (0)(2) (1)(1)  (0)(1) (1)(0)  (0)(2) (1)(1)  (0)(0) 
(1)(1)  (2)(2) (1)(1)  (2)(1) (1)(0)  (2)(2) (1)(1)  (2)(0) 

 4 1 2 2 
AB   1 1 0 1
 3 3 4 1
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 26
 Example 8 (B) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 2 1
1 1 0 1
A   1 0  B   Find BA.
2 1 2 0
 1 2   

Solution
 2 1
 1 1 0 1  
BA    1 0 
 2 1 2 0 
 1 2 
The product of a 2  4 and a 3  2 is not defined.

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 27
 Example 8 (C) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 2 6  1 2
C  D  Find CD.
 1 3   3 6 

Solution

 2 6   1 2   (2)(1)  (6)(3) (2)(2)  (6)(6) 

CD       
 1 3  3 6   ( 1)(1)  ( 3)(3) ( 1)(2)  ( 3)(6) 

 20 40 
 
 10 20 

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 28
 Example 8 (D) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 2 6  1 2
C  D  Find DC.
 1 3   3 6 

Solution

 1 2   2 6   (1)(2)  (2)( 1) (1)(6)  (2)( 3) 

DC       
 3 6  1 3   (3)(2)  (6)( 1) (3)(6)  (6)( 3) 

0 0
 
 0 0 

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 29
 Example 8 (E) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 5
E  2 3 0 F   2  Find EF.
 2 
Solution
 5
EF  2 3 0  2   (2)(5)  (3)(2)  (0)(2) 
 2 
 16

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Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 30
 Example 8 (F) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 5
E  2 3 0 F   2  Find FE.
 2 
Solution
 5  (5)(2) (5)(3) (5)(0) 
FE   2  2 3 0   (2)(2) (2)( 3) (2)(0) 
 2  (2)(2) (2)(3) (2)(0) 

 10 15 0 
  4 6 0 
 4 6 0 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 31
 Example 8 (G) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 2 1
A   1 0  Find A2 = AA.
 1 2 

Solution  2 1  2 1
A2  AA   1 0   1 0 
 1 2   1 2 
The product of a 3  2 and a 3  2 is not defined.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 32
 Example 8 (H) Matrix
Multiplication
Find the indicated matrix product if it exists, where:
 2 6
C  Find C2 = CC.
 1 3 

Solution
 2 6  2 6
C  CC  
2
  1 3
 1 3  
 (2)(2)  (6)(1) (2)(6)  (6)( 3) 
 
 ( 1)(2)  ( 3)( 1) ( 1)(6)  ( 3)( 3) 

 2 6 
 
 1 3 
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 33
 Example 9 Matrix Multiplication
Find a, b, and c so that
 2 1  a b   6 17 
 5 3  c d    7 4 
    

Solution  2 1  a b   2a  c 2b  d 
 5 3  c d   5a  3c 5b  3d 
    
2 a  c  6 2b  d  17
Therefore
5a  3c  7 5b  3d  4

This gives a system of two equations in the variables a and c

and a second system in the variables b and d.
Each system can be solved using substitution, elimination or
Gauss-Jordan elimination.
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 34
 Example 9 Matrix Multiplication
continued
2 a  c  6 2b  d  17
Therefore
5a  3c  7 5b  3d  4
The solution to the first system is a = –1, c = 4, and the
solution to the second system is b = 5, d = –7.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 35
 Example 10 Labor Costs
Suppose a company makes two types of skis, Trick Skis and
Slalom Skis.
Assembly of each trick ski takes 5 hours and assembly of
each slalom ski takes 3 hours.
Finishing on each trick ski takes 1.5 hours and finishing of
each slalom ski takes 1 hour.

Suppose the company has two manufacturing plants, one in

California with hourly rates of $12 per hour for assembly and
$7 per hour for finishing, and the other in Maryland, with
hourly rates of $13 for assembly and $8 per hour for
finishing.

Represent the labor-hours per ski in matrix L and represent

the hourly wages in matrix H.
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 36
 Example 10 Labor Costs
continued
Represent the labor-hours per ski in matrix L and represent
the hourly wages in matrix H.
Labor-hours per ski
Assembly Finishing
department department
Trick ski 5 hr 1.5 hr 
3 hr  L
Slalom ski  1 hr 

Hourly wages
California Maryland
Assembly department $12 $13
H
Finishing department $7 
$8 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 37
 Example 10 Labor Costs
continued
Since H and L are both 2×2 matrices, we can take the product
of H and L in either order and the result will be a 2×2 matrix.

5 1.5 12 13

L  H  
 3 1  7 8 
12 13 5 1.5 99 31
HL       
 7 8  3 1  59 18.5 

5 1.5 12 13 70.5 77 

LH       
 3 1 7 8   43 47 

We now interpret the elements in these products.

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 38
 Example 10 Labor Costs
continued
5 1.5 12 13
L  H  
 3 1  7 8 
12 13 5 1.5 99 31
HL       
 7 8  3 1  59 18.5 
In the product HL the element 99 in the first row, first column
is the product of the first row of H and the first column of L:
CA MD
5 Trick
12 13    12(5)  13(3)  60  39  99
3 Slalom
$60 is the labor cost for trick ski assembly in California and
$39 is the labor cost for slalom ski assembly in Maryland.
Though both numbers represent labor costs, adding these
makes no sense. They are different skis and plants.
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 39
 Example 10 Labor Costs
continued
5 1.5 12 13
L  H  
 3 1  7 8 
5 1.5 12 13 70.5 77 
LH       
 3 1 7 8   43 47 
In the product LH the element 70.5 in the first row, first column
is the product of the first row of L and the first column of H:
Assembly Finishing
12  Assembly
5 1.5    5(12)  1.5(7)  60  10.5  70.5
 7  Finishing
$60 is the labor cost for trick ski assembly in California and
$10.50 is the labor cost for trick ski finishing in California.
This sum gives the total labor cost for producing a trick ski at
the California plant.
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 40
 Example 10 Labor Costs
continued
5 1.5 12 13
L  H  
 3 1  7 8 
5 1.5 12 13 70.5 77 
LH   
3 1  7 8  43 47 
  

The other entries in the product LH also represent total labor

costs, as indicated by the row and column labels shown below:
Labor costs per ski
CA MD
$70.50 $77.00  Trick
LH    Slalom
 $43.00 $47.00 

Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 41