Course No.

ME 3121
Course Title: Basic Mechatronics

Microcontroller

Presented by
Prof. Dr. Md. Rokunuzzaman

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 1
 Outline
 Learning Objectives
 Course Plan
 Distribution of Marks
 Microcontroller
 Parts of Microcontroller
 Microcontroller Vs Micro processor
 Types of μC
 Basic Architecture
 Pin Configuration
 References/Resources

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 Learning Objectives

Course Objective:
To introduce Microcontroller, Its programming and Interfacing as a
basic part of Mechatronic System

At the End of the class you will be able to understand…..

 what a Microcontroller is
 various parts of a μC
 the basic difference between μP and μC
 different types of μC
 the basic architecture of μC

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Course Plan
Topics No. of
Class
Introduction to Course, Marks Distribution, References 01
Microcontroller: Overview, Basic architecture
ADC 01
Timer, Clock 01
PWM 01
USART/UART 01
I2C, Data Read/Write from EEPROM 01
Programming using C 02
I/O port programming 01
Interrupt handling 01
Interfacing with LCD display and Keypad 02
Example projects with Microcontrollers. 03
Smart sensors and Smart actuators 01
MEMS and Nanotechnology, Future Trends. 01

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Distribution of Marks

Class Tests 15
Assignments 05
Attendance 08
Semester Exam 72
Total Marks 100

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What is a Microcontroller ?

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to

govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical
microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Various parts of a μC

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CPU
Central Processing Unit or CPU is the brain of the Microcontroller. It consists of an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and a Control Unit (CU). A CPU reads, decodes and
executes instructions to perform Arithmetic, Logic and Data Transfer operations.

Memory
Any Computational System requires two types of Memory: Program Memory and
Data Memory. Program Memory, as the name suggests, contains the program i.e.
the instructions to be executed by the CPU.
Data Memory on the other hand, is required to store temporary data while
executing the instructions.

Usually, Program Memory is a Read Only Memory or ROM and the Data Memory
is a Random Access Memory or RAM. Data Memory is sometimes called as Read
Write Memory (R/W M).

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I/O Ports
The interface for the Microcontroller to the external world is provided by the I/O Ports or
Input/Output Ports. Inputs device like Switches, Keypads, etc. provide information from the
user to the CPU in the form of Binary Data.
The CPU, upon receiving the data from the input devices, executes appropriate instructions
and gives response through Output Devices like LEDs, Displays, Printers, etc.

Bus
Another important component of a Microcontroller, but rarely discussed is the System Bus. A
System bus is a group of connecting wire that connect the CPU with other peripherals like
Memory, I/O Ports and other supporting components.

Timers/Counters
One of the important components of a Microcontroller are the Timers and Counters. They
provide the operations of Time Delays and counting external events. Additionally, Timers and
Counters can provide Function Generation, Pulse Width Modulation, Clock Control, etc.

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Serial Port
One of the important requirement of a Microcontroller is to communicate with other device
and peripherals (external). Serial Port proves such interface through serial communication.
Most common serial communication implemented in Microcontrollers is UART.

Interrupts
A very important feature of a Microcontroller is Interrupts and its Interrupt Handling
Mechanism. Interrupts can be external, internal, hardware related or software related.

ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

Analog to Digital Converter or ADC is a circuit that converts Analog signals to Digital Signals.
The ADC Circuit forms the interface between the external Analog Input devices and the CPU
of the Microcontroller. Almost all sensors are analog devices and the analog data from these
sensors must be converted in to digital data for the CPU to understand.

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Difference between a Micro Processor (μP) and
a Microcontroller (μC)

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Types of Microcontroller

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 History of Microcontrollers

1971 Texas Instrument calculator-on-a-chip TMS

1000, which was a 4-bit microcontroller with built-in
ROM and RAM.

1977 Intel 8048 was one of Intel's

first microcontrollers.

1980 Intel 8051 followed in and became one of the

most popular microcontroller families.

1996 Atmel AVR was one of the first

microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory
for program storage.

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 AVR Family
•TinyAVR
•0.5–32 KB program memory
•6–32-pin package
•Limited peripheral set
•MegaAVR
•4–256 KB program memory
•28–100-pin package
•Extensive peripheral set
•XMEGA
•16–384 KB program memory
•44–64–100-pin package (A4, A3, A1)
•DMA, "Event System", and crypto-
-graphy support
•Extensive peripheral set with ADCs
•Application-specific AVR
•MegaAVRs with special features not found on the other members of the AVR family,
such as LCD controller, USB controller, advanced PWM, CAN, etc.
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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
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 Basic architecture of μC (AVR)

 The basic architecture of AVR was designed by two students of

Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), Alf-Egil Bogen and
Vegard Wollan, and then was bought and developed by Atmel in
1996.
 The AVR stands for Advanced Virtual RISC, or Alf and Vegard
RISC
 The AVR is an 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontroller with
Harvard architecture.

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
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 RISC

Reduced Instruction Set Computer, or RISC , is one whose instruction set

architecture (ISA) allows it to have fewer cycles per instruction (CPI) than a
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)

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AVR Architecture

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 RISC architecture with mostly fixed-length instruction, load-store memory
access and 32 general-purpose registers.
 A two-stage instruction pipeline that speeds up execution
 Majority of instructions take one clock cycle
 Up to 16-MHz clock operation
 Up to 12 times performance speedup over conventional CISC controllers.
 Wide operating voltage from 2.7V to 6.0V
 Simple architecture offers a small learning curve to the uninitiated.

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ATmega16 Pin Configuration

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References/Resources
 Books:
 Thomas Grace, Programming and Interfacing ATMEL® AVR® Microcontrollers,
Cengage Learning PTR, 2016
 Muhammad ali mazidi, AVR-Microcontroller-and-Embedded-Systems using
assembly and C, Prentice Hall, 2011
 Steven F. Barrett, Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing,
Morgan& Claypool, 2008

 Tutorials/Online resources/Data Sheet Etc:

 Microcontroller Tutorials, TECHSHOP, Bangladesh
 AVR tutorials in Bangla: Part 1 and 2, Zulfikar Ali Jewel, Bangladesh
 http://www.avr-tutorials.com/
 Atmel Datasheet, ATMEL Corporation
 Lecture Notes of the Class

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Appreciation to

Thank you for your patience

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