Types of Number Systems

Binary Number Systems

 The binary number system is a base-2 numeral system that uses only two
digits: 0 and 1. It is the fundamental numbering system used in computers
and digital systems, where each digit is referred to as a "bit" (binary digit).
In contrast, our everyday decimal system is a base-10 system, which uses
digits from 0 to 9.
 In binary, each digit represents a power of 2, starting from the rightmost
digit with 2^0. The next digit to the left represents 2^1, the next 2^2, and
so on. The decimal equivalent of a binary number is found by summing
the products of each binary digit and its corresponding power of 2.
 For example, the binary number 1011 is calculated as follows:
 1×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=8+0+2+1=111×23+0×22+1×21+1×20=8+
0+2+1=11
 So, the decimal equivalent of the binary number 1011 is 11.
 Binary numbers are often used to represent information in digital systems,
such as computer processors, memory, and communication protocols,
because it is relatively easy to implement electronic circuits that
distinguish between the two binary states (0 and 1). Additionally, binary
numbers are well-suited for representing boolean algebra and logical
operations, which are fundamental in computer science and digital
electronics.
 Decimal Number System
 The decimal number system, also known as the base-10 system, is
the most widely used numeral system worldwide. It uses ten digits
(0 through 9) to represent numbers. Each digit's position in a
decimal number has a place value, and the system is based on
powers of 10. The rightmost digit represents 100100 (1), the next
digit to the left represents 101101 (10), the next 102102 (100),
and so on.
 For example, in the decimal number 3256:
 3×103+2×102+5×101+6×100=3000+200+50+6=32563×103+
2×102+5×101+6×100=3000+200+50+6=3256
 Here, each digit is multiplied by the corresponding power of 10,
and the results are summed to obtain the decimal value.
 The decimal system is used in everyday life for counting,
arithmetic calculations, and expressing numerical values. It's
particularly convenient for humans because we have ten fingers,
making it natural for us to use a base-10 system. In contrast,
digital systems and computers primarily use the binary system,
but decimal numbers can be easily converted to binary and vice
versa.
Octal Number System
 The octal number system, also known as base-8, is a numeral system
that uses eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Similar to the binary and
decimal systems, each digit in an octal number has a place value based
on powers of 8.
 The rightmost digit represents 8080 (1), the next digit to the left
represents 8181 (8), the next 8282 (64), and so on. The decimal
equivalent of an octal number is found by summing the products of
each octal digit and its corresponding power of 8.
 For example, the octal number 352 is calculated as follows:
 3×82+5×81+2×80=3×64+5×8+2×1=192+40+2=2343×82+5×81+2
×80=3×64+5×8+2×1=192+40+2=234
 So, the decimal equivalent of the octal number 352 is 234.
 While the octal system has been used historically in computing, it is not
as prevalent today. Hexadecimal (base-16) is more commonly used in
computing because it provides a more compact representation of binary
values. However, octal is still occasionally encountered in some niche
applications. When working with octal numbers, it's essential to be
aware of the octal place values and how they correspond to decimal
values.
Hexadecimal Decimal Number System
 The hexadecimal (hex) number system is a base-16 numeral system that uses
sixteen symbols: 0-9 and A-F, where A stands for 10, B for 11, C for 12, D for
13, E for 14, and F for 15. This system is commonly used in computing and
digital electronics because it provides a more concise representation of binary-
coded values.
 In the hexadecimal system, each digit represents a power of 16. The rightmost
digit represents 160160 (1), the next digit to the left represents 161161 (16),
the next 162162 (256), and so on. The decimal equivalent of a hexadecimal
number is found by summing the products of each hexadecimal digit and its
corresponding power of 16.
 For example, the hexadecimal number 1A4 is calculated as follows:
 1×162+10×161+4×160=1×256+10×16+4×1=256+160+4=4201×162+10×
161+4×160=1×256+10×16+4×1=256+160+4=420
 So, the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal number 1A4 is 420.
 Hexadecimal is particularly useful in computing because it allows for a concise
representation of binary numbers. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to four
binary digits (bits), which makes it easier for programmers and engineers to
work with and understand binary-coded values. Hexadecimal is commonly used
in programming, debugging, and representing memory addresses in computer
systems.