COBOL Programming

DAY 2
Agenda for Day2
 Data Movement verbs.

 Sequence Control verbs.

 Types of conditions.

 REDEFINES, RENAMES, USAGE clauses.

 Design and development of sample programs.

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MOVE VERB

• The MOVE copies data from the source identifier or literal to one or more
destination identifiers.

• The source and destination identifiers can be group or elementary data

items.

• When the destination item is alphanumeric or alphabetic (PIC X or A) data

is copied into the destination area from left to right with space filling or
truncation on the right.

• When data is MOVEd into an item the contents of the item are completely
replaced. If the source data is too small to fill the destination item entirely
the remaining area is zero or space filled.

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MOVE verb…

 Identifier 
MOVE   TO { Identifier} ...
 Literal 

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DATA movement verbs…

(1) MOVE

(2) MOVE . . . CORRESPONDING ( CORR )

(3) MOVE . . . OF . . . TO . . . OF

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 Before Before

WS00-OUT1 ‘BEST’ WS00-OUT1 ‘ ’

WS00-OUT2 1234 WS00-OUT2 0

Before

WS00-OUT3 0786

After

WS00-OUT3 2345

Before After

WS00-OUT4 ‘PAYAL PAREKH’ WS00-OUT4 ‘SHUTI DEY’

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 MOVE to a numeric item

• When the destination item is numeric, or edited numeric, then data is aligned
along the decimal point with zero filling or truncation as necessary.

• When the decimal point is not explicitly specified in either the source or
destination items, the item is treated as if it had an assumed decimal point
immediately after its rightmost character.

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 Before Before

WS00-OUT1 0000 WS00-OUT1 3456

WS00-OUT2 000000 WS00-OUT2 345678

Before

WS00-OUT3 000000

After

WS00-OUT3 123456

Before After

WS00-OUT4 00000000 WS00-OUT4 12345678

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MOVE .. example

****************************

Output SPOOL WS00-OUT1 : HARAYANA

WS00-OUT2 : HARAYANA
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JUSTIFIED RIGHT clause

Is used to change the default type movement of alphabetic and alphanumeric

data.

Example

01 NAME PIC X(10) JUSTIFIED RIGHT.

MOVE “KAJOL” TO NAME.

Contents of NAME field is

bbbbbKAJOL

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JUSTIFIED RIGHT clause .. example

*********************************************

Output SPOOL WS00-OUT1 : ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

WS00-OUT2 : ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
*********************************************
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MOVE CORRESPONDING

• Facilitates movement of value of sub-item of a group item to a similar

named sub-item of another group item

Syntax

MOVE { CORRESPONDING, CORR } identifier-1

TO identifier-2

where identifier-1 and identifier-2 are group items.

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MOVE CORRESPONDING .. example

****************************
Output SPOOL WS00-GR2 : NISHANT 00000
****************************
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MOVE . . . OF . . . TO . . . OF

Facilitates the movement of a particular field of a record to a particular field of

another record. (in other words it facilitates movement of value of a
individual/group item of one group item to an individual/group item of another
group item).

Example:

MOVE NAME OF STUD-REC TO

WS-NAME OF WS-STUD-REC.

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LEGAL MOVES
Certain combinations of sending and receiving data types are not permitted.

Receiving field
Alphabetic Alphanu Edited Numeric Numeric Edited
meric Alphan non numeric
umeric integer

Alphabetic Y Y Y N N N
Sending field

Alphanumeric Y Y Y Y Y Y

Edited Y Y Y N N N
Alphanumeric

Numeric N Y Y Y Y Y

Numeric non N N N Y Y Y
integer

Edited N Y Y Y Y Y
numeric

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SEQUENCE CONTROL verbs

• GOTO

• IF . . . THEN . . .

• PERFORM

• EVALUATE

• STOP RUN

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GO TO Verb

• Syntax-1

GO TO Paragraph Name.
• Example

GO TO 400-READ-PARA.

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GO TO . . . DEPENDING ON . . .

• Syntax-2

GO TO paragraph-name-1 [paragraph-name-2 ]

. . . DEPENDING ON identifier.

• Example

GO TO 500-INSERT-PARA, 600-UPDATE-PARA,

700-DELETE-PARA DEPENDING ON TRANS-CODE.

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IF statement
• Syntax-1
IF condition [ THEN ] {statement-1, NEXT SENTENCE}
[ELSE {statement-2, NEXT SENTENCE}]
[ END-IF ].

• Examples

(1) IF MARKS >= 80 THEN MOVE ‘A’ TO GRADE

ELSE MOVE ‘B’ TO GRADE
END-IF.

(2) IF NOT OK-BALANCE THEN MOVE 2 TO BALANCE-CODE

ELSE NEXT-SENTENCE
END-IF

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IF statement
• Syntax-2 ( Nested IF )
IF condition-1 [ THEN ] statement-1
ELSE
IF condition-2 [ THEN ] statement-2
ELSE statement-3
END-IF
END-IF.

• Example
IF ( Var1 < 10 ) THEN DISPLAY “Zero”
ELSE
IF Var2 = 14 THEN DISPLAY “First”
ELSE DISPLAY “Second”
END-IF
END-IF.

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IF statement - Implied Operands

• Example

IF TIME < 2 AND TIME > 1

THEN MOVE “SLOW” TO SPEED
END-IF.

Is equivalent to

IF TIME < 2 AND > 1 THEN MOVE “SLOW” TO SPEED.

• Note: The following statement is invalid.

IF TOT-1 OR TOT-2 = 7 THEN DISPLAY “ The Sum is 7.”.

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Classification of Conditions

• Relational condition

• Sign condition

• Class condition

• Compound condition

• Condition-name

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Relational condition

 [ NOT] GREATER THAN 

 
 [ NOT] > 
 
[ NOT] LESS THAN 
 [ NOT] < 
 Identifier     Identifier 
   [ NOT] EQUAL TO   
 Literal  IS    Literal 
 ArithmeticExpression   [ NOT] =   ArithmeticExpression 
     
 GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 
 >= 
 
 LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 
 <= 

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Sign condition

• Syntax

POSITIVE 
 
Arithmetic Expression IS [ NOT] NEGATIVE
ZERO 
 

• Example

IF DISCRIMINANT IS NEGATIVE THEN

DISPLAY “The roots are imaginary”.

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Class condition
• Syntax

 NUMERIC 
 
ALPHABETIC
 
Identifier IS [NOT]  ALPHABETIC - LOWER 
 ALPHABETIC - UPPER 
 
 UserDefinedClassName 

• Example

IF REGNO IS NOT NUMERIC

THEN DISPLAY “Records will not be sorted”.

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Compound Condition
• Syntax

Condition-1 { AND, OR } Condition-2

• Examples

(1) IF PERCENT > 80 AND TOTAL > 480

THEN MOVE ‘A’ TO GRADE.

(2) IF ROW-NUMBER > 24 OR COLUMN > 80

THEN DISPLAY “Page Error ! “.

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Condition Names

• Are essentially boolean variables.

• Are always associated with data names called

condition variables.

• Is defined in the DATA DIVISION with level

number 88.

• Syntax

88 condition-name {VALUE IS, VALUES ARE } literal-1 [ { THRU,

THROUGH } literal-2 ].

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Condition-Names .. example
Condition Variable

01 MARITAL STATUS PIC 9.

88 SINGLE VALUE IS ZERO.

88 MARRIED VALUE IS 1.
Condition 88 WIDOWED VALUE IS 2.
Names 88 DIVORCED VALUE IS 3.
88 ONCE-MARRIED VALUES ARE 1, 2, 3.
88 VALID-STATUS VALUES ARE 0 THRU 3.

PROCEDURE DIVISION Statements.

IF SINGLE SUBTRACT 125 FROM DEDUCTIONS.

IF ONCE-MARRIED ADD 300 TO SPECIAL-PAY.
IF MARRIED PERFORM B000-MARRIAGE-GIFT.
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Defining Condition Names.
 Literal 
 VALUE   
88 ConditionName    THROUGH  
 VALUES   LowValue   HighValue 
  THRU  

• Condition Names are defined using the special level number 88 in the DATA
DIVISION of a COBOL program.

• They are defined immediately after the definition of the data item with which
they are associated with.

• We can use Condition Names for a group as well as an elementary item.

• A condition name takes the value TRUE or FALSE depending on the value
of the data item with which it is associated. The VALUE clause of the
associated data item is used to identify the values which make the Condition
Name TRUE.

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JCL
000100 //ER4857C JOB ,,NOTIFY=&SYSUID,CLASS=B
000500 //STEP1 EXEC PGM=COND88
000700 //STEPLIB DD DSN=OPERN.CICS3.LOADLIB,DISP=SHR
000800 //SYSIN DD *
000900 050
Before
001000 081
001100 /*
WS00-MARKS 000
WS00-DISP

After

WS00-MARKS 050
WS00-DISP NOT CLEARED COMPRE

Before After

WS00-MARKS 000 WS00-MARKS 081

WS00-DISP WS00-DISP PASSED COMPRE
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 Break

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The PERFORM Verb

• Iteration constructs are used when we need to repeat the same instructions
over and over again in our programs.

• Other programming languages have a variety of iteration / looping

constructs (e.g. WHILE, FOR, REPEAT). Each of these in turn facilitate the
creation of different ‘types’ of iteration structure.

• In COBOL we have ‘PERFORM’ verb which is used to create these looping

constructs. The PERFORM has several variations each of which simulates
different looping constructs of other programming languages.

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Paragraphs - Revisited

• A PARAGRAPH comprises of one or more sentences.

• The paragraph-name indicates the start of a paragraph. The next

paragraph or section name or the end of the program text terminates the
paragraph.

• Paragraph names are either user defined or language enforced. They are
followed by a full stop.

– B0000-PERF-PARA.
– PROGRAM-ID.

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Paragraph Example

P0000-PROCESS-RECORD.
DISPLAY StudentRecord
READ StudentFile
AT END MOVE HIGH-VALUES TO StudentRecord
END-READ.

D0000-PRODUCE-OUTPUT.
DISPLAY “Here is a message”.

NOTE

Scope of P0000-PROCESS-RECORD is delimited by the

occurrence the paragraph name D0000-PRODUCE-OUTPUT.

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PERFORM Verb - variations

• Simple PERFORM

• In-line PERFORM

• Nested PERFORM

• PERFORM . . . THRU

• PERFORM . . . UNTIL

• PERFORM . . . TIMES

• PERFORM . . . VARYING

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PERFORM Verb - Simple PERFORM

• Syntax

PERFORM Paragraph-Name.

• Example

PERFORM 500-PROCESS-PARA.

• This is not iterative but instructs the computer to execute the chunk of code
inside the mentioned paragraph before reverting back to the sentence
following the PERFORM coded.

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PERFORM Verb – Simple PERFORM example

****************************************
WE ARE INSIDE B000-LAST-PARA
Output SPOOL WE ARE INSIDE B001-FIRST-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B002-MIDDLE-PARA
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****************************************
PERFORM Verb - In-line PERFORM

• Syntax

PERFORM imperative-statements.

• Example

PERFORM
MOVE NUM-1 TO MAX
IF NUM-2 > MAX THEN MOVE NUM-2 TO MAX
DISPLAY “Maximum is ” MAX.
END-PERFORM

Lets see an example ..

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 INLINE PERFORM PROGRAM

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 JCL FOR THE INLINE
PERFORM PROGRAM

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 When SYSIN data satisfies
the condition WS-STRING =
‘KARINA’ the scope of the
INLINE PERFORM gets
terminated

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PERFORM Verb – Nested PERFORM

• Syntax

Paragraph-Name-1.
PERFORM Paragraph-Name-2.
. . . . .
. . . . .
Paragraph-Name-2.
PERFORM Paragraph-Name-3.
. . . . .
. . . . .
Paragraph-Name-3.
MOVE A TO B.
. . . . .
. . . . .

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PERFORM Verb – Nested PERFORM

****************************************
WE ARE INSIDE B000-LAST-PARA
Output SPOOL WE ARE INSIDE B001-FIRST-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B002-MIDDLE-PARA
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****************************************
PERFORM Verb – PERFORM … THRU …

• Syntax

PERFORM Paragraph-Name-1 [ { THRU, THROUGH }

Paragraph-Name-2 ].

• Example

PERFORM 300-READ-PARA THRU 600-UPDATE-PARA.

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PERFORM … THRU … - example

****************************
WE ARE INSIDE B000-DISP-PARA
Output SPOOL WE ARE INSIDE B001-DISP-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B002-DISP-PARA
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PERFORM Verb – PERFORM .. UNTIL ..
• Syntax

PERFORM Paragraph-Name-1 [ { THRU, THROUGH }

Paragraph-Name-2 ] UNTIL condition.

• Example

PERFORM 300-READ-PARA UNTIL EOF = ‘N’.

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PERFORM Verb –
PERFORM . . UNTIL .. WITH TEST AFTER OPTION
• Syntax

PERFORM Paragraph-Name-1 [ { THRU, THROUGH }

Paragraph-Name-2 ]
[WITH TEST {BEFORE, AFTER}]
UNTIL condition.

• Example
PERFORM 300-PROCESS-PARA WITH TEST AFTER
UNTIL VALUE NOT = 0.

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PERFORM . . UNTIL .. WITH TEST AFTER OPTION
• This format is used where the WHILE or REPEAT constructs are used in
other languages.

• If the WITH TEST BEFORE phrase is used the PERFORM behaves like a
WHILE loop and the condition is tested before the loop body is entered.

• If the WITH TEST AFTER phrase is used the PERFORM behaves like a
REPEAT loop and the condition is tested after the loop body is entered.

• The WITH TEST BEFORE phrase is the default and so is rarely explicitly
stated.

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PERFORM Verb –
PERFORM . . UNTIL .. WITH TEST BEFORE

****************************
Output SPOOL
****************************

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PERFORM Verb –
PERFORM . . UNTIL .. WITH TEST AFTER

10 Times!! Why?

****************************
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
Output SPOOL WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
WE ARE INSIDE B000-PERF-PARA
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PERFORM Verb – PERFORM .. TIMES

• Syntax

PERFORM Paragraph-Name-1 [ { THRU, THROUGH }

Paragraph-Name-2 ] { integer, identifier } TIMES.

• Example

PERFORM 500-PROCESS-PARA THRU 800-END-PARA 8 TIMES.

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PERFORM Verb – PERFORM .. TIMES …… Example

****************************
HELLO GUEST. WELCOME TO E&R TRAINING
HELLO GUEST. WELCOME TO E&R TRAINING

Output SPOOL HELLO GUEST. WELCOME TO E&R TRAINING

HELLO GUEST. WELCOME TO E&R TRAINING
HELLO GUEST. WELCOME TO E&R TRAINING
****************************
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PERFORM Verb - PERFORM . . . VARYING
• Syntax

PERFORM Paragraph-Name-1 [ { THRU, THROUGH }

Paragraph-Name-2 ] VARYING identifier-1 FROM
{identifier-2, integer-1} BY { identifier-3, integer-2 }
UNTIL condition.

• Example

PERFORM 500-WRITE-PARA
VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1
UNTIL I > 5.

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PERFORM Verb - PERFORM . . . VARYING

****************************
HELLO GUEST. WISH YOU ALL THE BEST
HELLO GUEST. WISH YOU ALL THE BEST
Output SPOOL HELLO GUEST. WISH YOU ALL THE BEST
HELLO GUEST. WISH YOU ALL THE BEST
****************************
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EXIT statement

• Is used to transfer the control back to the statement following the

“PERFORM statement” from within a paragraph invoked by the
PERFORM statement.

Syntax

EXIT.

Note:
It is recommended to avoid using EXIT similar to GO TO since it is against the
idea of structured programming.

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EVALUATE Verb

• The EVALUATE verb provides a very powerful construct to carry out DATA
validation. It is similar to the SWITCH statement in C programs.
It assists us in implementing decision table logic.

• Syntax

EVALUATE subject-1 [ ALSO subject-2 ] . . .

{ { WHEN object-1 [ ALSO object-2 ] . . . } . . . }

imperative-statement-1 } . . .

Where subject = { identifier, expression, TRUE, FALSE }

and object = { condition, TRUE, FALSE }.

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The Evaluate
 Identifier 
 Literal 
 
 CondExpression 
EVALUATE  
 ArithExpression 
 TRUE 
 
 FALSE 
    
    
    
    
   ANY   
   Condition   
    
 WHEN   TRUE    StatementBlock 
   FALSE   
    
   Identifier    Identifier    
      THRU     
  [ NOT]  Literal   
  THROUGH   Literal    
    ArithExpression    ArithExpression     
     
[ WHEN OTHER StatementBlock]
END - EVALUATE

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EVALUATE Verb .. example

There are two valid ranges

which the logic checks for –

1) Marks > 79
2) Marks > 64 & <= 79

*************************************

Output SPOOL YOU HAVE CLEARED EXAM WITH A GRADE

*************************************

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STOP RUN statement

• Syntax : STOP RUN.

• Instructs the computer to terminate the program.

• Closes all the files that were opened for file operations.

• The STOP RUN is usually the last statement in the main paragraph.

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REDEFINES Clause
• Facilitates two or more data-names to point to the same memory location

Syntax

data-name-1 REDEFINES data-name-2.

Example

01 STUD-DETAILS.
05 STUD-NAME.
10 FIRST-NAME PIC A(15).
10 MIDDLE-NAME PIC A(10).
10 LAST-NAME PIC A(10).
05 NAME REDEFINES STUD-NAME.

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REDEFINES Clause

Rules governing REDEFINES clause

 Multiple REDEFINES is allowed for a data-item.

 REDEFINES clause must not be used for 01 level in FILE SECTION.

 Must not be used for data-items defined in level numbers 66 and 88.

 The REDEFINING item should not have an OCCURS clause.

 Any change in REDEFINED item reflects on the value of the REDEFINING

item and vice-versa.

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REDEFINES CLAUSE … example

WS00-YEAR2 redefines WS00-YEAR1.

It is the same 8 bytes of
information which WS00-YEAR2
provides in the Year, Month & Day
format in it’s sub-items.
Any change in WS00-YEAR1 changes
value of WS00-YEAR2 and vice-versa.

************************************
YEAR FOR ENTERED DATE IS : 2005

Output SPOOL MONTH FOR ENTERED DATE IS : 01

DAY FOR ENTERED DATE IS : 01
************************************
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RENAMES Clause
• Facilitates re-grouping of elementary data items in a record. After the
renames enforcement the elementary items would belong to the original
(renamed) group item as well as the new (renaming) group item.

Syntax

66 data-name-1 RENAMES data-name-2 THRU data-name-3.

Rules to be followed while using RENAMES

 RENAMES must be used after the description of the fields required.

 Must be coded only with level number 66.

 Data-names 2 and 3 should not have level numbers 01 and OCCURS

Clause.

 The elementary items getting renamed should be contiguous.

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RENAMES Clause

Example

01 STUD-DETAILS.
05 REG-NO PIC 9(5).
05 S-F-NAME PIC X(15).
05 S-M-NAME PIC X(12).
05 S-L-NAME PIC X(8).

66 STUD-NAME RENAMES S-F-NAME THRU S-L-NAME.

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RENAMES clause .. example

WS-REN would be picking up

the value of the sub-items
from WS-IN12 to WS-22
(spreading across WS-IN1 &
WS-IN2 values).

Note that WS-IN11 is left

out.

*********************************
Output SPOOL WS-REN VALUE IS : 341234
*********************************
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USAGE Clause

• Is used to specify the internal form in which the data is to be stored.

• Every variable will have an attached usage clause (even if not declared by
the programmer).

• Syntax

USAGE IS {DISPLAY, COMPUTATIONAL, COMP} [ - {1, 2, 3}].

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 USAGE Clause
• USAGE is DISPLAY
– Each character of the data is represented in one byte

• USAGE IS COMPUTATIONAL
– The data item is represented as pure binary

• USAGE IS COMP-1
– The data item is represented as a single precision floating point number
(similar to real or float).

• USAGE IS COMP-2
– The data item is represented internally as Double precision floating
number (similar to Long or Double).

• USAGE IS COMP-3
– In decimal form but 1 digit takes half a byte (nibble). The sign is stored as
right most half a byte character.

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USAGE Clause

Rules to followed while using USAGE clause

 Usage clause cannot be used with data items declared with 66 or 88

levels.

 Usage clause when declared for a group item, ensures that all the
sub-items of the group item default to the same USAGE clause as the
group item’s.

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 USAGE Clause .. example
B0002-DISPLAY-FIELDS.
B0001-POPULATE-FIELDS.
DISPLAY '******************************************'
MOVE 99999 TO WS00-COMP-FORM
DISPLAY '* COMP DISPLAY IS : ' WS00-COMP-FORM
MOVE 99999 TO WS00-COMP1-FORM
DISPLAY '* COMP1 DISPLAY IS : ' WS00-COMP1-FORM
MOVE 99999 TO WS00-COMP2-FORM
DISPLAY '* COMP2 DISPLAY IS : ' WS00-COMP2-FORM
MOVE 99999 TO WS00-COMP3-FORM
DISPLAY '* COMP3 DISPLAY IS : ' WS00-COMP3-FORM
DISPLAY '******************************************'

******************************************
* COMP DISPLAY IS : 99999
* COMP1 DISPLAY IS : .99999000E 05
Output SPOOL
* COMP2 DISPLAY IS : .99999000000000000E 05
* COMP3 DISPLAY IS : 99999
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******************************************
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Review
 Data Movement verbs. (MOVE)

 Sequence Control verbs (IF,PERFORM,EVALUATE)

 Types of conditions.

 REDEFINES, RENAMES, USAGE clauses

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Review questions
• What is wrong with the following code
(1) IF A EQUALS B
MOVE 1 TO A
END –IF
This should be ; IF A IS EQUAL TO B

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Review questions ..
• How many times will the paragraph named
100-PARA be executed by the following PERFORM STATEMENT
PERFORM 100-PARA VARYING X
FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL X=10 9 TIMES

PERFORM 100-PARA VARYING X

FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL X > 10
10 TIMES

PERFORM 100-PARA VARYING X

10 TIMES
FROM 0 BY 1 UNTIL X=10

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Review questions
• State true or false

– The justified clause can be used for any data type False

– The redefines clause can be used to redefine only

False
elementary items

True
– The data item at the level 49 will always have a picture
clause
True
– In a move statement, though the sending field is one, the
receiving fields may be more than one.

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Summary
• Data Movement verbs.

• Sequence Control verbs.

• Types of conditions.

• REDEFINES, RENAMES, USAGE clauses.

• Design and development of sample programs

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 Thank You!

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