Mobile Communications

Chapter 1:

Introduction

A case for mobility History of mobile communication Market Areas of research

Computers for the next decades?

Computers are integrated

small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices

Technology is in the background

computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location awareness) computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding, context awareness))

Advances in technology

more computing power in smaller devices flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption new user interfaces due to small dimensions more bandwidth per cubic meter multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay networks)

Mobile communication
Two aspects of mobility:
user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with anyone device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network

Wireless vs. mobile

Examples
stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:

local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11, ETSI (HIPERLAN) Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN

Applications I
Vehicles

transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB personal communication using GSM position via GPS local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance

Emergencies

early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. crisis, war, ...

Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN, DAB, GSM, TETRA, ...

Personal Travel Assistant, DAB, PDA, laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...

Applications II
Travelling salesmen

direct access to customer files stored in a central location consistent databases for all agents mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities flexibility for trade shows LANs in historic buildings

Entertainment, education, ...

outdoor Internet access intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information ad-hoc networks for multi user games

Location dependent services

Location aware services

what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location

Follow-on services

Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake?

Support services

caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile device through the fixed network who should gain knowledge about the location

Privacy

Mobile devices
Pager receive only tiny displays simple text messages PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW Laptop fully functional standard applications

Sensors, embedded controllers

Mobile phones voice, data simple text displays

Palmtop tiny keyboard simple versions of standard applications

performance

Effects of device portability

Power consumption

limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f

C: internal capacity, reduced by integration V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data

higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects, theft)

Limited user interfaces

compromise between size of fingers and portability integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited memory

limited value of mass memories with moving parts flash-memory or ? as alternative

Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference

emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 9.6kbit/s with GSM

Restrictive regulations of frequencies

Low transmission rates

Higher delays, higher jitter

connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems
radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones secure access mechanisms important

Lower security, simpler active attacking

Always shared medium

Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication
heliographs, flags (semaphore), ... 150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Polybius, Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Here electromagnetic waves are of special importance: 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations (1864) H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the location of todays University of Karlsruhe)

History of wireless communication I

1895

Guglielmo Marconi

first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)

1907

Commercial transatlantic connections

huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)

1915 1920

Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco Discovery of short waves by Marconi

reflection at the ionosphere smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

1926

Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

wires parallel to the railroad track

History of wireless communication II

1928 1933 1958

many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news) Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) A-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers

1972

B-Netz in Germany

analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known) available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D

1979 1982

NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries) Start of GSM-specification

goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming

1983 1984

Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog) CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

History of wireless communication III

1986

C-Netz in Germany

analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage

1991

Specification of DECT

Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries

1992

Start of GSM

in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels automatic location, hand-over, cellular roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

History of wireless communication IV

1994

E-Netz in Germany

GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)

1996

HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

1997

Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning

1998

Specification of GSM successors

for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000

Iridium

66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

History of wireless communication V

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s

Decision about IMT-2000

Several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,

Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode

First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton system Access to many services via the mobile phone

2000 GSM with higher data rates

HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)

UMTS auctions/beauty contests

Hype followed by disillusionment (approx. 50 B$ payed in Germany for 6 UMTS licences!) Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan

2001 Start of 3G systems

Wireless systems: overview of the development

cellular phones
1981: NMT 450

satellites

cordless phones
1980: CT0

wireless LAN

1986: NMT 900

1983: AMPS

1982: Inmarsat-A

1984: CT1 1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1991: DECT 1995/96/97: IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN

1988: Inmarsat-C 1991: D-AMPS

1991: CDMA

199x: proprietary

1992: GSM
1993: PDC 1994: DCS 1800

1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M

1998: Iridium 2001: UMTS/IMT-2000

analog
digital

2005?: MBS, WATM

4G fourth generation?

Foundation: ITU-R - Recommendations for IMT-2000

M.687-2

IMT-2000 concepts and goals framework for services IMT-2000 network architectures satellites in IMT-2000

M.1078

M.816-1

security in IMT-2000 speech/voiceband data performance framework for satellites framework for management evaluation of security mechanisms vocabulary for IMT-2000 evaluation of transmission technologies

M.1079

M.817

M.1167

M.818-1 M.819-2
IMT-2000 for developing countries
requirements for the radio interface(s) framework for radio interface(s) and radio sub-system functions spectrum considerations

M.1168

M.1223

M.1034-1

M.1224

M.1035

M.1225

...
http://www.itu.int/imt

M.1036

Worldwide wireless subscribers

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Americas Europe Japan others total

Mobile phones per 100 people 1999

Germany
Greece Spain Belgium France Netherlands Great Britain Switzerland Ireland Austria Portugal Luxemburg Italy Denmark Norway Sweden Finland
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication

transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference media access, regulations ...

Mobility

location dependent services location transparency quality of service support (delay, jitter, security) ...

Portability

power consumption limited computing power, sizes of display, ... usability ...

Simple reference model used here

Application

Application

Transport
Network Data Link Network Data Link Network Data Link

Transport
Network Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical
Medium

Physical

Radio

Influence of mobile communication to the layer model Application layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer

Physical layer

service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing, device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency

Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and mobile networks with varying transmission characteristics regional vertical hand-over metropolitan area

campus-based horizontal hand-over in-house