S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept.

/Rowan University

Introduction to
Digital Image
Processing
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Module Overview
• Lecture 1
• Digital Image Fundamentals
• Lecture 2
• Digital Image Enhancement
• Digital Image Segmentation
• Digital Image Compression
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Lecture 1

Digital Image Fundamentals

 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Monochromatic Digital Image

y
128 127 1 . . x
256 Gray
. . . . Level
 
120 . . . .
 . . . .
. f(x,y)
 
 . . . . .
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

B B
G G
R R
R+G+B R+G+B

B B
G G
R R
R+G+B R+G+B

B B
G G
R R
R+G+B R+G+B
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Sampling & Quantization

• Sampling
demos/demo1sampling_and_quantization/demo_sampling.m

• Quantization
demos/demo1sampling_and_quantization/demo_quant.m

Digital Image Processing

Course Nos. 0909-452-01 (Senior Elective) and 0909-552-01 (Graduate)
Fall 2003

Previous Offering: http://engineering.rowan.edu/~shreek/fall01/dip/

 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Fundamental Steps*

Preprocessing
Preprocessing Representation
Representation&&
(Enhancement
(Enhancement Segmentation
Segmentation Description
Description
&&Restoration)
Restoration)

Problem Image
Image Knowledge
Knowledge Recognition
Domain Acquisition Recognition&&
Acquisition Base
Base Interpretation
Interpretation

Result

*Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 1992
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Digital Image Enhancement

 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Point Processing
(Intensity Transformation)
s(x,y) = T{ r(x,y)}

Transformed Original
Gray Level Gray Level

Transformation
Function

>>imadjdemo
>>imadjust
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Point Processing
• Pixel Operations

• Point processing individual pixels

• Histogram equalization all pixels

• Connectivity neighboring pixels

 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Point Processing

L-1 L-1
s2
s 
s
s1
0 0
r r
0 L-1 0 r1 r2 L-1

>>imadjdemo
>>imadjust
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Image Histogram
nk
p r (rk ) 
n
n k : No. of pixels with Gray Level k
n : Total no. of pixels in image
L : No. of Gray Levels

>>imadjdemo
>>imhist
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Histogram Equalization
(Balancing)
k
sk  T (rk )   pr (r j ); k  0, 1, 2,...., L  1
j 0
nk
p r (rk ) 
n
n k : No. of pixels with Gray Level k
n : Total no. of pixels in image
L : No. of Gray Levels

>>imadjdemo
>>histeq
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Fundamental Steps*

Preprocessing
Preprocessing Representation
Representation&&
(Enhancement
(Enhancement Segmentation
Segmentation Description
Description
&&Restoration)
Restoration)

Problem Image
Image Knowledge
Knowledge Recognition
Domain Acquisition Recognition&&
Acquisition Base
Base Interpretation
Interpretation

Result

*Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 1992
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Digital Image Segmentation

 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Spatial Filtering (Masking)

Portion of
a digital image Mask

z1 z2 z3 w1 w 2 w3

z4 z5 z6 w4 w 5 w6

z7 z8 z9 w7 w 8 w9

Replace
with R = w1z1 + w2z2 + ….. +w9z9
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Edge Detection
Sobel Masks

-1 -2 -1 -1 0 1
0 0 0 -2 0 2
1 2 1 -1 0 1

>>edgedemo
demos/demo2spatial_filtering/edgegradientdemo.m >>edge
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Fundamental Steps*

Preprocessing
Preprocessing Representation
Representation&&
(Enhancement
(Enhancement Segmentation
Segmentation Description
Description
&&Restoration)
Restoration)

Problem Image
Image Knowledge
Knowledge Recognition
Domain Acquisition Recognition&&
Acquisition Base
Base Interpretation
Interpretation

Result

*Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison-Wesley, 1992
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Digital Image Compression

 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Discrete Cosine Transform

• Information Discrete Cosine Transform

Concentration
N -1 (2x  1)u 
C(u)   (u)  f(x) cos 
• Data Compaction x 0  2N 
 1
 for u  0
• Feature Extraction  (u)   N
 2
for u  1,2 ....N - 1
 N

>>dctdemo
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

JPEG Compression
Standard
Level Compute Reorder to form
f(x,y) DCT Normalize
Shift 1-D Sequence
F(u,v)

Compute
DC Coefficient

Compute
AC Coefficients

http://www.jpeg.org/
 S. Mandayam/ DIP/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Summary

Digital Image Processing

Course Nos. 0909-452-01 (Senior Elective) and 0909-552-01 (Graduate)
Fall 2003

Previous Offering: http://engineering.rowan.edu/~shreek/fall01/dip/