The Child and A Wps Office

THE CHILD
AND
ADOLESCEN
TS LEARNER
The Filipino Child
and The Adolescents
It is vital to understand that the Filipino child is at
the center of the educational system in the
Philippines as a future teacher. Understanding and
addressing various parts of them will be part of
your job description.
Developmental Milestones: You should
be aware of the usual developmental
milestones for children’s physical,
cognitive, social, and emotional growth.
This information will direct your
expectations and teaching strategies for
various age groups.
Children’s Rights: It is essential to comprehend children’s rights.
Studies on Filipino Children: It’s crucial to stay current with
research and studies on Filipino children in order to give them with a
safe, nurturing, and respectful environment in which their rights are
protected. By incorporating these ideas into your teaching strategy,
you will be able to set appropriate learning objectives, develop fun
learning activities, and develop useful assessment tools to support the
overall development of your students. This will give you insights into
their particular needs, difficulties, and strengths, allowing you to
customize your teaching strategies accordingly. In the end, this
knowledge will help Filipino youngsters have more fulfilling school
experiences.
Developmental Milestones of Children
from Infancy to Adolescenes
• Infancy and early childhood (0-5 years old)

Learning to coordinate motor skills like
walking. Instead of drinking milk for the
only source of food the child is now capable
of eating solid foods, starts to talk
(beginning bith babbling). Capable of
controlling when to eliminate body wastes,
and able to differentiate sex differences and
develop sexual modesty.
• Middle childhood (6-12 years
old)
Learning the physical skills necessary for
ordinary games, and how to get along with other
children of the same age. Developing
fundamental skills in reading, writing and
calculating, concepts necessary for every-day
living, conscience, morality, and values, building
a wholesome attitude toward oneself and
achieving personal independence.
• Adolescence (13-18 years old)
Achieving mature relations with both sexes a
masculine or feminine social role, emotional
independence of adults preparing for marriage
and family life, an economic career accepting
ones physique acquiring values and an ethical
system to guide behavior and desiring and
achieving socially responsible behavior.
• Early adulthood Late teens or early
20s to 30s.
Time of establishing personal and
economic independence, career
development, selecting a mate, and
learning to live with someone in an
intimate way, is possibly starting a
family and rearing children.
The Current State of the Filipino
Children
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority as of
2018 there are 32, 155, 793 number of Filipinos amng
the 0-14 age group. By July 2018
31.8% of the total population make up by Filipino
children based on the statistics released by the PSA.
In terms of education, PSA identified the rating of
96.5% for simple literate while 90.3% for
functionally literate.
In 2018, the Department of Education identified

1,737, 313 enrollees for kindergarten, 11, 151, 40
enrollees for public elementary school, 6,010, 937
enrollees for public secondary schools.
Perspectives and Approaches in the
Study of Human Development
Theories about Human Development depending on its intention

can offer description, prediction, rationalization, and
justification on these that are happening with the individual
brought about by factors that have identified.Although theories
have different premises and assumption. They are having
similarities as well allowing them to from a school of thought
with regard to the experience and process of development.
This is considered a significant progress since
Human Development may out only entail
understanding of psychological aspects, instead it
is a product of simultaneous sequential, and/ of
complement of other changes within the
individual. Significantly, there is the inclusion of
perspectives such neuroscience, public health,
microbiology, biochemistry, nutrition and dietetics,
education, and other social science.
Perspectives in Human
Development
• Learning Paradigm
This are the different learning process

perspectives such as humanism,
behaviourism, constructivisim and
connectivisim.
Learning theories work on the assumptions
that people undergo the stages of
development through the procees of
interaction with one's environment via
observation, conditioning, reward and
punishment system.
a. Classical Conditioning
a behavioural procedure in which a
biologically potent physiological stimulus is
paired with natural stimulus. The term of
classical conditioning refers to process of
automatic, conditioned response that is paired
with a specific stimulus.
b. Operant Conditioning
a method that users rewards and
punishments to modify behaviour. Operant
conditioning can also be used to decrease a
behaviour via the removal of a desirable
outcome or the application of negative
outcome.
c. Social Cognitive Learning
theory suggests that human learn
behaviours by observing others and
choosing which behaviours to imitate.
Social cognitive theory assumes that
development is centered with one's
interaction to others.
• Socio - Cultural Theories
This perspectives highlights the influence of

the collective experiences of people found in
the same cultural orientation. It assumes the
centrality of culture such a
language and communication as well as social
norms in the developmrntal process.
a. Socio Cultural Theory of Lev
Vgotsky
One of the prominent developmental theory

under this perspective. He is known as the father
of socio - cultural perspectives. He emphasized
the important role of social interaction
particularly in facilitating cognitive development
of children.
An iconic concept that he introduced was the Zone of
Proximal Development (ZPD) which identifies gap
between assisted and non development of children's
cognition. Actions consistent to this reffered to as
scaffoldings.
b. The Cognitive Theory of Development of
Jean Piaget
Provides a support in further explaining the

premise of the perspective. Piaget highlights the
cognitive simulation that adults provide in the
movement through stage of cognitive development -
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational
and formal operational.
• Ethology - Evolution and Socio
Biological
The perspective accounts for two interacting factors that

explain human development these are genetics and changing
environment. Normative development partains to the
observance of developmental behaviour according to the
certain age. Whether these partains to cognitive social, moral,
motor and physical changes . The other factors is adoption
changes brought about development is a result one's need to
adopt therefore they serve survival function .
a. One of the influential scientist who have initially advance
the ethological perspective was Konrad Lorenz who is a
Novel Prize Winner for physiology.
b. Attachment theories such as John Bowlby, Mary

Ainsworth , and Melanie Klein were also inspired by the
ethology perspective. They generally described the degree of
anxiety and stress an infant experience when separated and
reunited with one's mother klein on the other hand focus on
the building of prototypical relationship through the nipple
experience. This is whether the nipple is generous or
otherwise.
• System Approach
This perspective aim to put an integrated view about
human development. Integrated looks into all porssible
factor, genes, culture and learning as fused in explaining
the changes across life span. The context of development
may include, but not limited to sociopolitical events,
history, religion, educational system parental involvement,
and among other that may have direct or indirect impact
on the individual.
a. The Contexualism Theory of
Richard Learner
Can be considered or one of the most

influential personality. Most especially during
the establishment of this school of thought
Lerner highlight the embeddedness of the
organism within the context.
b. The Ecological System Theory of Urie
Brofenbrenner
In the contemporary time, this is one of

the most influental theories in this school
of thought, it not in the field of human
development science.
THERE ARE FOUR SYSTEMS THAT
WORK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN
INDIVIDUAL:
1.MICROSYSTEM
2.MECOSYSTEM
3.EXOSYSTEM
4.MACROSYSTEM
" Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Sytem Theory"

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THE CHILD

• Infancy and early childhood (0-5 years old)

In 2018, the Department of Education identified

Theories about Human Development depending on its intention

This are the different learning process

This perspectives highlights the influence of

One of the prominent developmental theory

Provides a support in further explaining the

The perspective accounts for two interacting factors that

b. Attachment theories such as John Bowlby, Mary

Can be considered or one of the most

In the contemporary time, this is one of

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