COMPLEX

NUMBERS
• Standard form
• Operations
• The Cartesian Plane
• Modulus and Arguments

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 Introduction
In real life, problems usually involve Real Numbers(R).
R : 1,2,0,3,  , e...

Imaginary number: j   1  i 2  1

If we combined Real number and imaginary number:

z  2  3i A number that cannot
be solved.

Note : In this slide, term i is used. In text

book term j is used which is the same !
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 Introduction
Why do we need to study complex numbers, C ?
• Many applications especially in engineering:
Electrical engineering, Quantum Mechanics and so on.

• Allow us to solve any polynomial equation, such as:

x2  9  0
x2  x 1  0

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 Introduction
• To solve algebraic equations that don’t have the real solutions

x2  9  0
Real solution
x  3
x2  9  0
No real solution
x   9

• Since, the imaginary number is i   1,then x  3i

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 Introduction
Simplifying a complex number:
Since we know that i   1  i 2  1.

To simplify a higher order of imaginary number:

i 3  i 2 .i   1i  i
i  i
4
    1  1
2 2 2

 i  .i   1 .i  i
2 2
5 2
i


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 Introduction
Try to simplify i 7 .
Solution

i  i
7
  .i
2 3

  1 .i
3

 i

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 Introduction
Simplify
(a) 3i 8
(b)  2i 99
(c)  5i 14  3i101

Answer:
(a) 3
(b) 2i
(c) 5  3i

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 Introduction
Definition 1.1
If z is a complex number, then the standard equation of Complex
numbers, C denoted by:

z  a  bi, or z  a, b 
where a, b  R
a – Real part of z (Re z)
b – Imaginary part of z (Im z)

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 Introduction
Example:
Express in the standard form, z:
a ) z  1   25
b) z  4   16

Answer:
a) z  1 5i
b) z  4  4i

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 Introduction
Definition 1.2
2 complex numbers, z1 and z2 are said to be equal if and only if
they have the same real and imaginary parts:
z1  z 2
a  bi  c  di

If and only if a = c and b = d

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 Introduction
Example :
Find x and y if z1 = z2:
a) z1  2  3 yi and z 2  4 x  9i
b) z1  x  5i and z 2  10  2 yi

Answer:
a) x  1 , y  3
2

b) x  10, y   5
2

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 Operations of Complex Numbers

Definition 1.3
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di, then:

i ) z1  z 2  (a  c)  (b  d )i
ii ) z1  z 2  (a  c)  (b  d )i
iii) z1 z 2  (ac  bd )  (ad  bc)i

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 Operations of Complex Numbers

Example
Given z1  5  3i and z 2  2  4i, find:
a ) z1  z 2
b) z1  z 2
c) z1 z 2
Answer:
a) 3  i
b) 7  7i
c) 2  26i

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 Operations of Complex Numbers
Definition 1.4
The conjugate of z = a + bi can be defined as:

z  a  bi  a  bi
• the conjugate of a complex number changes the sign of the
imaginary part only!!!
• obtained geometrically by reflecting point z on the real axis
Im(z)

3 z(2,3)

Re(z)
2

-3 z 2,3

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 Operations of Complex Numbers

Example :
Find the conjugate of:
a) z  1 i
b) z  2  3i
c) z  16 Answer:
d) z  8i a) z  1  i
b) z  2  3i
c) z  16
d) z  8i

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The Properties of Conjugate Complex Numbers

1 1
i) z  z v)   
z z
ii ) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 
n
vi) z  z ; n  0
n

zz
iii ) z1  z 2  z1  z 2 vii)  Re( z )
2
zz
iv ) z1. z 2  z1.z 2 viii )  Im( z )
2i

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 Operations of Complex Numbers
Definition 1.5
(Division of Complex Numbers)
If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di then:
z1 a  bi

z 2 c  di
Multiply with
a  bi c  di the conjugate
  of
c  di c  di denominator

(ac  bd )  bc  ad i

c d
2 2

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 Operations of Complex Numbers
Example:
Simplify and write in standard form, z:
3i
a)
2i
2i 3 Answer:
b) 12 a) 1  i
i  5i 7

2 1 i
c)  b) 7  9 i
1  2i 1  i 26 26
c) 2  9 i
5 5

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 The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/
Argand Diagram
The complex number z = a + bi is plotted as a point with
coordinates z(a,b).
Im(z)
Re (z) x – axis
Im (z) y – axis

b z(a,b)

Re(z)
O(0,0) a

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 The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/
Argand Diagram
Definition 1.6
(Modulus of Complex Numbers)
The modulus of z is defined by

r  z  a 2 b 2
Im(z)
*Distance from the origin to
z(a,b).
b z(a,b)

r

Re(z)
O(0,0) a

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 The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/
Argand Diagram
Definition 1.7
The argument of the complex number z = a + bi is defined as
b
  tan  ,    argz     
1

a
arg(z) is not unique.
Therefore it can also be written as:
90
arg z     2k ; k  0,1,2,... 2nd QUADRANT 1st QUADRANT

90     180 0     90
  180   *  
180     270 270     360
  180     360   *

3rd QUADRANT 4th QUADRANT

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 The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/
Argand Diagram
Example:
Find the modulus and the argument of z:
a ) z  2  2i
b) z  3  i
c) z  i Answer:
a) r  2 2 ,   45
d ) z  5  2i
b) r  10 ,   198.43
e) z  6 c) r  1,   270
d) r  29 ,   338.2
e) r  6,   0

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 The Complex Plane/ Cartesian Plane/
Argand Diagram
The Properties of Modulus
z1 z1
i) z  z iv)  , z2  0
z2 z2
n
ii ) z z  z 2
v) z  z n

iii ) z1 z 2  z1 z 2 vi ) z1  z 2  z1  z 2

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 COMPLEX
NUMBERS
• Polar form
• Exponential Form
• De Moivre’s Theorem
• Finding Roots

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 The Polar Form of Complex Numbers

Im(z) Based on Figure 1:

Applying the Pythagorean
(a,b) trigonometric identity,

a  r cos 
(1)
r b  r sin 
b
Therefore,

 b
  tan  
1
Re(z) a

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The Polar Form of Complex Numbers
The standard form of complex numbers is given by:
z  a  bi  (2)

Definition:
Then the polar form is defined by:

z  r cos   i sin  , z r ,  

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The Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Example:
Represent the following complex numbers in polar form:

a) z  3  4i
b) z  2 i
c) z  5i
Answer :
a) z  5cos126.87  i sin 126.87
b)
z  3 cos 324.74  i sin 324.74
c)z  5cos 270  i sin 270

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The Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Example:
Express the following in the standard form complex numbers:

a) z  2cos 210  i sin 210

b) z  2 2 cos 60  i sin 60
c) z  3 cos 225  i sin 225
Answer :
a) z   3  i

b) z  2 1  3i 
c) z   3 1  i 
2
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The Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Theorem 1:
If z1 and z2 are complex numbers in polar form where,
z n  rn cos  n  i sin  n 

Then,
a) z1z 2  r1r2 cos 1   2  i sin 1   2 

z1 r1
b)  cos 1   2  i sin 1   2 
z 2 r2

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The Polar Form of Complex Numbers
Example:
Find z1 z 2 and z1 , if:
z2
a) z1  4cos 75  i sin 75, z2  5cos100  i sin 100

b) z1  3 cos120   i sin 120 , z2  6 cos 90   i sin 90 

Answer:
a) z z  19.924  1.7431i,
1 2
b) z1 z2  
3
2
 3  i ,
z1
z2
 0.725  0.3381i z1

1
z2 2 2
 3  1i 
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 The Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

Definition:
The exponential form of a complex numbers can be defined as:
z  re i

Euler’s formula state that for any real number 

ei  cos   i sin 
Where e is the exponential function, i is the imaginary unit,
sine and cosines are trigonometric function and arg (z) =  ,is
in radians.

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 The Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

Example:
Represent the following complex numbers in exponential form:

a) z  3  2i
b) z  4  2i
c) z i
Answer :
a) z  13e 0.1872i
b) z  3 2e1.8918i

c) z  e 2 i

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 The Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

Example:
Express the following in the standard form complex numbers:
3
i
a) z  3e 2

5
i
b) z  7e 6

Answer :
a) z   3i


b) z  7  3  i
2

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 The Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

Theorem 2:
If z1 and z2 are complex numbers in exponential form where,
z n  rn e i n

Then,
i    z1 r1 i 1  2 
a) z1z 2  r1r2 e 1 2 b)  e
z 2 r2

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 The Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

Example:
Find z1 z 2 and z1 , if: (write answer in the standard form)
z2
1 3
i i
a) z1  5e 4
, z2  2 3e 4

2
i
b) z1  2ei , z2  6e 3

Answer:
a) z1 z2  2 15 , b) z z  6  3 2i,
1 2

z1
z2

1 5
2 3
i
z1
z2

1
6
1  3i 
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 De Moivre’s Theorem
Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers where
z1  r1 , z 2  r2 , argz1   1 , argz 2    2

Then:
z1  r1 cos 1  i sin 1 
z 2  r2 cos  2  i sin  2 
From the properties of polar form:
z1z 2  r1r2 cos 1   2  i sin 1   2  3

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 De Moivre’s Theorem
From the properties of modulus:
z1z2  r1r2  z1 z 2  4 

And suppose:
arg z1 z 2   1  1  arg z1   arg z 2  5

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 De Moivre’s Theorem
Using all these facts; (3),(4) and (5), we can compute the square
of a complex number.

Suppose z  r cos   i sin   so z  r arg z    .

Then z 2  r 2 cos 2  i sin 2 

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 De Moivre’s Theorem
Theorem 3:
If z  r cos   i sin   is a complex number in polar form to any
power of n, then
z  r cos   i sin  
n n n

De Moivre’s Theorem:
cos   i sin  n  cosn   i sin n 
Therefore : z n  r n cos   i sin    r n cosn    i sin n  
n

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 De Moivre’s Theorem
Example:
a) Let z  2cos 45  i sin 45. Find z 5 .

b) Use De Moivre’s theorem to find:

(i) 
4  2i  3

(ii)  1  3i 6
Answer :
a) z  16 2 1  i 
b) (i) z  40.02  65.07i
(ii) z  352  936i

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De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
We know that argument of z is not unique, then we can also defined

argz     2k , k  0,1,2,...

Using the fact above and DMT, we can find the roots of a complex

number, 1
z .
n
De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
Theorem 4
If z n  r cos   i sin  then, the n root of z is:
(θ in degrees)
1
   360k   360k 
z  r  cos
n
 i sin 
 n n 
OR
(θ in radians)
1
   2k   2k 
z  r  cos
n
 i sin 
 n n 
Where k = 0,1,2,..n-1
 De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
Example
Find all complex cube roots of z  1

Solution:
We are looking for complex numbers z with the property z3  1
With n  3, k  0,1,2 r  1,   0
1 1  0  2k   0  2k 
z  1  1 cos
3 3   i sin 
  3   3 
 De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
k=0: 1
z  1  cos0   i sin 0   1
3

k=1:
1
 2   2  1 3
z  1  cos
3   i sin    i
 3   3  2 2
k=2: 1
 4   4  1 3
z  1  cos
3   i sin    i
 3   3  2 2
De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots

Sketch on the complex plane:

y

 1 3
 , 
 2 2 
 
nth roots of unity:
x Roots lie on the
0 1 circle with radius 1

 1 3
  , 
 2 2 
 
De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
Example:
Solve  1  i  0 and show the roots on the Argand diagram.
4
z
De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
Solution:
z 4  1  i, n  4, k  0,1,2,3 r  2 ,   135

Therefore,

    135  360k   135  360 k 

1
z 2 cos
4
  i sin  
  4   4 
k=0:
 2  cos33.75  i sin33.75  0.9067  i0.6059
1
z1  4
De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
k=1:
 2  cos123.75  i sin 123.75  0.6059  0.9067i
1
z2  4

k=2:
 2  cos213.75  i sin 213.75   0.9067  0.6059i
1
z3  4

k=3:
 2  cos303.75  i sin303.75  0.6059  0.9067i
1
z4  4
De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
Sketch on complex plane:

 0.6059, 0.9067 
0.9067, 0.6059

x
0
 0.9067,  0.6059

0.6059,  0.9067 
De Moivre’s Theorem : Finding Roots
Exercise: 1
a) Given z  1  2i. If n = 4, find z 4 .
1
b) Let z  2i, w  3  4.i If p = z-w, find the roots for p .
3

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