WEB DESIGNING USING HTML AND CSS

UNIT I - Introduction to the Internet: Networking, Internet, www, Internet technologies: Modem, internet
addressing. Protocol: FTP, HTTP, TCP/IP. Electronic Mail: POP3, SMTP.
Networking
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on
or provided by network nodes. The computers use common
communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate
with each other.

Four basic types

1. PAN (Personal Area Network)
2. LAN (Local Area Network)
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
4. WAN (Wide Area Network)
 Personal Area Network (PAN)

• Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network

used for data transmission amongst devices such as
computers, telephones, tablets and personal digital
assistants. Also Known as HAN (Home Area
Network)

• PANs can be used for communication amongst the

personal devices themselves (interpersonal
communication), or for connecting to a higher level
network and the Internet (an uplink) where one
"master" device takes up the role as internet router.
 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Xerox Corporation worked in collaboration

with DEC and Intel to create Ethernet,
which is the most pervasive LAN
architecture used today.
 Ethernet has evolved and has seen
significant improvements in regard to speed
and efficiency.

 An upside of a LAN is fast data transfer with

data speed that can reach up to 10Gbps.
 Other significant LAN technologies are
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) and
token ring.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than or equal

in size to a WAN.
• The size range anywhere from 5 to 50km in diameter.
• MANs are typically owned and managed by a single
entity.
• This could be an ISP or telecommunications company
that sells its services to end-users in that metropolitan
area.
• For all intents and purposes, a MAN has the same
characteristics as a WAN with distance constraints
Wide Area Network (WAN)

•A wide area network is a telecommunications

network that extends over a large geographic
area. Wide area networks are often established
with leased telecommunication circuit
•WANs have a large capacity, connecting a
large number of computers over a large area,
and are inherently scalable. They facilitate the
sharing of regional resources.
•Communication links are provided by public
carriers like telephone networks, network
providers, cable systems, satellites etc.
•Data travels through telephone or cable lines
•Usually requires a Modem, VPN etc
Internet
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to
communicate between
Internet is a network of networks and has different types of
internet. It consists of public, private, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope, linked by a
comprehensive arrangement of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.
Uses of internet
• Email.
• Sharing of files.
• Watch movies and songs.
• Research purpose.
• News.
The advantages of the Internet
• Information, knowledge, and learning. ...
• Connectivity, communication, and sharing. ...
• Anonymity and making people equal. ...
• Address, mapping, and contact information. ...
• Banking, bills, and shopping. ...
• Selling and making money. ...
• Collaboration, work from home, and access to a global workforce.
Donations and funding
Entertainment
Cloud computing and cloud storage
 WWW- World Wide Web
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the
Web, is an information system enabling
documents and other web resources to be
accessed over the Internet. Documents and
downloadable media are made available to the
network through web servers and can be
accessed by programs such as web browsers.
It is also known as the web, WWW or W3
 WWW
World Wide Web (WWW), byname the Web, - leading
information retrieval service of the Internet (the worldwide
computer network).
The Web gives users access to a vast array of documents that are connected
to each other by means of hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks,
electronic connections that link related pieces of information in order to
allow a user easy access to them.
Hypertext allows the user to select a word or phrase from text and thereby
access other documents that contain additional information pertaining to
that word or phrase. Hypermedia documents feature links to images,
sounds, animations, and movies.
HTML / URL
A hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks is
written in HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and is assigned an
online address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

The development of the World Wide Web was begun in 1989 by

Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN, an international scientific
organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. They created a protocol,
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which standardized
communication between servers and clients.
 Modem
Modem is a network device that enables a computer to transfer data from
telephone lines to computers and computers to telephone lines. The word
modem is derived from modulator and demodulator.
Modem performs modulation and demodulation.
Internet Addressing
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a
local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules
governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network.

An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are

expressed as a set of four numbers — an example address might be
192.158.1.38. Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255. So, the full IP
addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
How to find IP Address
 Finding your private IP address varies by platform:
 In Windows:
• Use the command prompt.
• Search for “cmd” (without the quotes) using Windows search
• In the resulting pop-up box, type “ipconfig” (no quote marks) to find the information.
 On a Mac:
• Go to System Preferences
• Select network – and the information should be visible.
 On an iPhone:
• Go to Settings
• Select Wi-Fi and click the “i" in a circle () next to the network you are on – the IP address
should be visible.
Protocol: FTP, HTTP, TCP/IP. Electronic Mail: POP3, SMTP.
FTP - The File Transfer Protocol is a standard communication protocol
used for the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a
computer network.
FTP is built on a client–server model architecture using separate
control and data connections between the client and the server.
 HTTP
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application layer protocol in the
Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia
information systems. HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.
• It is a protocol used to access the data on the World Wide Web (www).
• The HTTP protocol can be used to transfer the data in the form of plain text,
hypertext, audio, video, and so on.
• This protocol is known as HyperText Transfer Protocol because of its efficiency
that allows us to use in a hypertext environment where there are rapid jumps from
one document to another document.
 Messages
HTTP Transactions HTTP messages are of two types: request and response. Both
the message types follow the same message format.

Request Message: The request message is sent by the client

that consists of a request line, headers, and sometimes a body.

Response Message: The response message is sent by the

The above figure shows the HTTP transaction between server to the client that consists of a status line, headers, and
client and server. The client initiates a transaction by sometimes a body.
sending a request message to the server. The server
replies to the request message by sending a response
message.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
•A client that wants to access the document in an internet needs an address and to facilitate the access of documents, the
HTTP uses the concept of Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
•The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a standard way of specifying any kind of information on the internet.
•The URL defines four parts: method, host computer, port, and path.

•Method: The method is the protocol used to retrieve the document from a server. For example, HTTP.
•Host: The host is the computer where the information is stored, and the computer is given an alias name. Web pages are
mainly stored in the computers and the computers are given an alias name that begins with the characters "www". This field
is not mandatory.
•Port: The URL can also contain the port number of the server, but it's an optional field. If the port number is included, then
it must come between the host and path and it should be separated from the host by a colon.
•Path: Path is the pathname of the file where the information is stored. The path itself contain slashes that separate the
directories from the subdirectories and files.
 TCP/IP
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol a communications standard that
enables application programs and computing devices to exchange messages
over a network. It is designed to send packets across the internet and ensure the
successful delivery of data and messages over networks.
TCP is one of the basic standards that define the rules of the internet and is
included within the standards defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It is one of the most commonly used protocols within digital network
communications and ensures end-to-end data delivery.
Electronic Mail: POP3, SMTP.
The POP protocol stands for Post Office Protocol. As we know that
SMTP is Simple Message Transfer Protocol.
When the message is sent, then SMPT is used to deliver the message
from the client to the server and then to the recipient server.
But the message is sent from the recipient server to the actual server
with the help of the Message Access Agent.
The Message Access Agent contains two types of protocols, i.e., POP3
and IMAP.
The Internet Message Access Protocol, also known as IMAP, is a
protocol for receiving emails from a server.
•IMAP is used to retrieve messages, and SMTP is for
sending data.
•IMAP works between the server and client for
communication, and SMTP works between servers to
transfer information.
•SMTP is a push protocol, while POP3 is known as a pop
protocol.
•SMTP sends the email from the sender's device to the
receiver's mailbox, and POP3 retrieves and organizes
emails from the receiver's mail server to the receiver's
computer
•POP3 downloads all the emails simultaneously, while
IMAP shows you the message header before downloading
the email.
SMTP
SMTP
• SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an
electronic mail over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
• It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail
addresses.
• It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or different computers, and it
also supports:
• It can send a single message to one or more recipients.
• Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics.
• It can also send the messages on networks outside the internet.