DLD Lec 1

Number System
Introduction
 A set of values used to represent different quantities
◦ For example, a number student can be used to represent the
number of students in the class
 Digitalcomputer represent all kinds of data and
information in binary numbers
◦ Includes audio, graphics, video, text and numbers
 Total number of digits used in the number system is
called its base or radix
Number Systems
 Decimal Number System
 Binary Number System
 Octal Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System
◦ Decimal number system is used in general
◦ Computers used binary number system
◦ Octal and hexadecimal number system are also used in
computer systems
Number Systems
Number System Base Symbol

Binary Base 2 B
Octal Base 8 O
Decimal Base 10 D
Hexadecimal Base 16 H
Conversion Among Bases
 The possibilities:
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Quick Example
2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916
Base
Decimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Weight
12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125
Base
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
 Technique
◦ Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
◦ The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the
right
◦ Add the results
Example
Bit “0”
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 =
2
0 x 22 =
0
1 x 23 =
8
0 x 24 =
0
1 x 25 =
32
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
 Technique
◦ Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
right
◦ Add the results
Example
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
 Technique
◦ Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
right
◦ Add the results
Example
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
 Technique
◦ Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
◦ First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
◦ Second remainder is bit 1
◦ Etc.
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1 12510 = 11111012
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Binary
 Technique
◦ Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary
representation
Example
7058 = ?2
7 0 5
111 000 101
7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
 Technique
◦ Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation
Example
10AF16 = ?2
1 0 A F
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Octal
 Technique
◦ Divide by 8
◦ Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?8
8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2
123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
 Technique
◦ Divide by 16
◦ Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?16
16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4
123410 = 4D216
Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
 Technique
◦ Group bits in threes, starting on right
◦ Convert to octal digits
Example
10110101112 = ?8
1 011 010 111
1 3 2 7
10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
 Technique
◦ Group bits in fours, starting on right
◦ Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example
10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Hexadecimal
 Technique
◦ Use binary as an intermediary
Example
10768 = ?16
1 0 7 6
001 000 111 110
2 3 E
10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Octal
 Technique
◦ Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C
0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4
1F0C16 = 174148
Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
Common Powers (1 of 2)
 Base 10
Power Preface Symbol Value

10-12 pico p .000000000001
10-9 nano n .000000001
10-6 micro  .000001
10-3 milli m .001
103 kilo k 1000
106 mega M 1000000
109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000
Common Powers (2 of 2)
 Base 2
Power Preface Symbol Value

210 kilo k 1024
220 mega M 1048576
230 Giga G 1073741824
• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,

the base-2 interpretation generally applies
References
 SlidesTaken From:
www.cse.yorku.ca/~mack/1011/01.NumberSystems.p
pt
 Introduction to Information Technology by Riaz
Shahid, CM Aslam and Safia Iftikhar
 The Concepts of Information Technology by Imran
Saeed, Ahsan Raza, Tariq Mehmood and Zafar
Hussain

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Number System

Number System Base Symbol

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

111 000 101

0001 0000 1010 1111

1 011 010 111

001 000 111 110

0001 1111 0000 1100

Power Preface Symbol Value

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

Power Preface Symbol Value

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,

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