ACADEMIC ACADEMIC

TEXT TEXT
• IS A KIND OF • LANGUAGE TO
WRITING THAT BE USED IN
CAN BE USED QUICK WRITING
ACADEMIC TEXT
IN ACADEMIA
OR SCHOOL REVIEW SHOULD BE
FORMAL.
• IT FOLLOWS
• AUDIENCE
CERTAIN SHOULD BE
RULES AND FIRST TAKEN
STANDARDS. INTO
CONSIDERATION
.
DIRECTIONS: IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING TERMS BASED ON YOUR PREVIOUS LESSON.
CHOOSE YOUR ANSWER FROM THE BOX BELOW.

____1. IT IS THE LANGUAGE THAT SHOULD BE

USED IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXT.
A. STYLE
____2. IT SERVES AS THE WRITER’S GOAL IN
WRITING A TEXT. B. PURPOSE
____3. IT IS A FEATURE OF LANGUAGE THAT
REQUIRES YOU TO BE CAREFUL ON YOUR C. CAUTION
WRITING.
D.OBJECTIVITY
____4. IT IS A FEATURE OF LANGUAGE WHICH
PROHIBITS YOU TO INCLUDE PERSONAL
EMOTIONS IN THE TEXT. E. FORMAL
____5. IT DEALS WITH THE WAY THE WRITER
ORGANIZE A TEXT.
DIRECTIONS: IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING TERMS BASED ON YOUR PREVIOUS LESSON.
CHOOSE YOUR ANSWER FROM THE BOX BELOW.

E IT IS THE LANGUAGE THAT SHOULD BE

____1.
USED IN WRITING ACADEMIC TEXT.
A. STYLE
B
____2. IT SERVES AS THE WRITER’S GOAL IN
WRITING A TEXT. B. PURPOSE
C IT IS A FEATURE OF LANGUAGE THAT
____3.
REQUIRES YOU TO BE CAREFUL ON YOUR C. CAUTION
WRITING.
D D.OBJECTIVITY
____4. IT IS A FEATURE OF LANGUAGE WHICH
PROHIBITS YOU TO INCLUDE PERSONAL
EMOTIONS IN THE TEXT. E. FORMAL
A
____5. IT DEALS WITH THE WAY THE WRITER
ORGANIZE A TEXT.
 LESSON FOR
TODAY

MODULE
2
 LET'S MATCH!
Column A Column B

1. IT IS THE MEANING OF A.
THE WORD “LOGIC”. DESCRIPTION

2. IT REFERS TO THE SIGNAL

B. TEXT
WORD FOR CAUSE AND
EFFECT.
STRUCTURE

3. IT CREATES A PICTURE IN
C. BEGINNING – MIDDLE -
THE MIND OF THE READERS.
END

4. IT IS THE ORGANIZATION
D.
OF TEXT IN A PASSAGE.
ORDER

5. IT IS THE BASIC STRUCTURE

OF A STORY. E. DUE
TO
 LESSON FOR
TODAY
MODULE 2
USING KNOWLEDGE OF
TEXT
STRUCTURE
TO GLEAN INFORMATION
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

identify the structure of academic text;

differentiate structures of academic text; and

create an academic text that can be applied to a text structure.

WHAT I
KNOW
 DIRECTIONS
Read the following statements and choose the best answer.

1. It refers to how information is organized in a passage.

a. descriptive structure b. academic structure c. text structure

2. It is a text structure that explains reasons why something happened.

a. problem-solution b. cause and effect c. spatial/description

3. This type of text examines the similarities and differences between two or more people, concepts,
ideas, etc.
a. problem-solution b. cause and effect c. comparison and contrast
4. This word means time.
a. chrono b. logic c. chronological
5. This type of structure sets up a problem or problems, explains solutions and then discusses the
effects of the solution.
a. problem-solution b. cause and effect c. comparison and contrast
6. This type of text structure features a detailed description of something to give a reader a
mental picture.
a. problem-solution b. cause and effect c. spatial/description

7. The following words can be used as signal words in cause and effect text structure EXCEPT:
a. due to b. because c. meanwhile

8. It is the basic pattern of a story.

a. middle - beginning - end b. beginning – middle - end c. end – middle –
beginning
9. It is organized based on the occurrence of an event.
a. spatial/description b. chronological order c. cause and effect

10. This word means order.

a. chrono b. logic c. chronology
11. The following are signal words for contrasting EXCEPT:
a. similarly b. but c. unlike

12. The following are signal words for chronological order EXCEPT:
a. first, second, third… b. begin, next, last… c. like, unlike, both…

13. The following are signal words for comparing EXCEPT:

a. both b. but c. similarly

14. This text structure presents the causal relationship between a specific event.
a. cause and effect b. spatial description
c. comparison and contrast

15. What kind of description should be used in describing specific events, persons or places in
spatial/description text structure?
a. vague b. vivid c. non realistic
 UNDERSTANDING THE LESSON
Text Structure Common Types of Text Structure

• Every student should

understand that a text should Spatial or Description
present its details and main ideas.
• Text structure helps them to Cause and Effect
organize a written text, giving its
cause and effect, or its different
Comparison and Contrast
views.
• Text structure refers to
organization of information in a Chronological Order
passage.
Problem-Solution
SPATIAL OR
DESCRIPTION
• Spatial or Description gives a reader a detailed feature that
creates a picture on his/her mind about a topic.
• Spatial organization is when information in a passage is
organized in order of space or location.
• Spatial organization can also be called as descriptive writing. If
you are about to describe how something looks, you are
describing it spatially.
• It can also be used in fiction and non-fiction.
• Even if narration style of writing is usually arranged
chronologically, if the author is describing a setting of a certain
scene, the author is describing it spatially.
 EXAMPLE
It is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight device
that can save a vast amount of information. It has screen, touchpad, speakers,
keyboard, battery and AC adapter. The most noticeable part of it is its screen,
which is responsible for displaying information. Another major component it
is the keyboard. On its keys, needed to enter data into the computer. Near the
keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop
computer mouse – this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular
surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button. Below the
keyboard and touchpad are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds and
music. Found at the back of the keyboard is battery that serves as its lifeline.
Finally, it also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and serves
as the source of electric power when it is plugged in.
 EXAMPLE
It is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight device
that can save a vast amount of information. It has screen, touchpad, speakers,
keyboard, battery and AC adapter. The most noticeable part of it is its screen,
which is responsible for displaying information. Another major component it
is the keyboard. On its keys, needed to enter data into the computer. Near the
keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop
computer mouse – this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular
surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button. Below the
keyboard and touchpad are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds and
music. Found at the back of the keyboard is battery that serves as its lifeline.
Finally, it also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and serves
as the source of electric power when it is plugged in.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
• presents the relationship between specific events, ideas, or
concepts
• Cause and effect is one way of organizing information in a text.
It explains reasons why something happened. It can be ordered
as cause to effect or vice versa.
• It is generally used in expository and persuasive writing modes.
• It can be cause to effect wherein it explains why something
happened and the effect of it. It can be also effect to cause
wherein it explains the result of things that happened and its
reasons. This structure is commonly used, most of the time
writers do not notice that they use this kind of text structure.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
• Identifying a text written using the cause and effect pattern of
organization can be tricky. Though stories are arranged
chronologically, Cause and Effect pattern is only organized by
the time an event happened that has causal relationship.
Contrarily, cause and effect passages usually focus on explaining
the reason why something occurs or occurred.
• These are the signal words that may indicate that information in
a paragraph is organized as cause and effect: because, as a result,
resulted, caused, affected, since, due to, effect.
 EXAMPLES
• Many people think that they can acquire illness by going into cold weather improperly dressed. However,
illnesses are not caused by temperature. They are caused by germs. So, trembling outside in the cold
probably won’t strengthen your immune system, but you are more likely to acquire illness outdoors
because you will greatly be exposed to germs.
(The paragraph explains how germs cause illnesses. The germs are the cause in the paragraph and the
illness is the effect.)

• Students are prohibited to chew gum in my class. While other students think that I am just being mean, I
have a lot of good reasons for this rule. First, there are some irresponsible students who can make messes
with their gums. Students may leave them on the bottoms of desks, drop them on the floor, or put them on
other people’s property. Another reason why I don’t allow students to chew gum is because it can be a
source of distraction while listening, reading, writing and learning. When they are allowed to chew gum,
students are more worried about having it, popping it, chewing it, and snapping it. This is why I don’t
allow students to chew gum in my class.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
• Gives the similarities and differences between two or more people,
events, concepts, ideas, and the like.
• You should bear in mind that this kind of structure should discuss both
comparing (similarities) and contrasting (differences). If you will only
discuss comparing and not contrasting, it cannot be called as comparing
and contrasting but comparing alone and vice versa.
• This pattern is generally easy to recognize. Writer who is comparing
and contrasting will bounce back and forth between two subjects. Here
are some signal words that may indicate that the text is written using the
compare and contrast organizational pattern: like, unlike, both, neither,
similar, and different.
EXAMPLE

Mangoes and durians are both fruits. They both

have seeds inside of them. Each has a skin, but
durian skins are thick and difficult to peel.
Mango skins are thinner and peel easily. Durians
have distinct stench while mangoes have sweet
smell, but both fruits are delicious.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
• Chronological order explains a text by the time an event occurs.
• Chrono means time and logic means order. The events occur along a timeline
even if the author uses flashbacks, or flash forwards.
• All stories are organized chronologically, therefore, every story has a
beginning, middle, and end. Non-fiction stories organized chronologically
usually contain dates while fiction passages or narratives usually have no dates.
• A narrative or story is a journey through time, and all of the events are arranged
in order of time. Stories require the passage of time. Sometimes, time will stop
in a narrative. Certain passages in a story may focus on describing scenery or
spaces, and use a descriptive or spatial method of organization. The conflict of
a story may be discussed in terms of problem and solution or cause and effect,
but the text in a story is still mainly organized chronologically.
EXAMPL
E
This morning was pretty crazy. I woke up really late
because of wrong setting of my alarm. It was set PM
instead of AM. I just wore any clothes and ran out the
door. I rode my bike as fast as I could with the thought that
I was going to be late for sure, but when I got there
everyone was outside and there were fire trucks all lined
up in front of school. I guess somebody pulled the fire
alarm before class started. It worked out though, because
nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• Problem – Solution is a pattern of organization that explains a
problem or issue and an attempted solution in the issue. This
type of text is usually interchanged with cause and effect type
of structure but the only thing that they should remember is
that cause and effect text structure do not offer a solution. This
mentions a problem and then offers a solution plus the
possible effect of a solution.
EXAMPL
E
Bullying has been prevalent these days. These encounters
make it hard for children to develop confidence and high
self-esteem. Fortunately, bullying has been noticed and is
being addressed by many sectors of the community.
However, these efforts are not enough. The most effective
way to stop bullying is by nurturing and inculcating good
manners and right conduct within families.
PRACTICE EXERCISE!
Directions: Read and analyze the paragraph
in each number. Fill out the given graphic
organizers with the correct information
based on the given paragraph.
1. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Whales and sharks are animals that both live in water. They both have fins and can swim underwater.
However, whales have hairs and needs to come on the surface of the water to breathe air while sharks
have scales on their skin. Aside from that, whales give birth to their young ones. Sharks on the other
hand lay eggs. They also have specialized gills that enable them to breathe underwater.
1. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Whales and sharks are animals that both live in water. They both have fins and can swim
underwater. However, whales have hairs and needs to come on the surface of the water to
breathe air while sharks have scales on their skin. Aside from that, whales give birth to their
young ones. Sharks on the other hand lay eggs. They also have specialized gills that enable
them to breathe underwater.

Both live in water. Whales give birth while

shark lay eggs.
Both have fins. Sharks have scales while
whales have hairs.
Both can swim
underwater.
2. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Khaiden was born in Bulacan until he was five years old. Next, he moved to Makati City. He
stayed there until he graduated Senior High School. Then he went away to Manila to get his
college diploma. He stayed there for six years until he finished his course in engineering and
passed his licensure examination. After getting his license he went back to Bulacan and started
his career as an engineer.
2. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
Khaiden was born in Bulacan until he was five years old. Next, he moved to Makati City. He
stayed there until he graduated Senior High School. Then he went away to Manila to get his
college diploma. He stayed there for six years until he finished his course in engineering and
passed his licensure examination. After getting his license he went back to Bulacan and started his
career as an engineer.
He went back to Bulacan to start his engineering
career.
He stayed in Manila to finish his course and pass
his licensure examination

He moved to Makati City.

Khaiden was born in Bulacan until he was five

years old.
3. CAUSE AND EFFECT

Students are not allowed to have their cellular phones during classroom discussion unless
needed because it causes distraction and disable students to concentrate in class.
Furthermore, some students use phones to bully other students by taking unnecessary
pictures and videos.
3. CAUSE AND EFFECT

Students are not allowed to have their cellular phones during classroom discussion unless
needed because it causes distraction and disable students to concentrate in class.
Furthermore, some students use phones to bully other students by taking unnecessary
pictures and videos.

• It causes distraction.
• Other students use phones to
Not allowing students to use
bully others.
their cellular phones during
classroom
discussion.
• Disable students to concentrate
in class.
4. PROBLEM - SOLUTION
There is an increasing nitrogen monoxide emission in the environment. This contributes to
global warming that leads to climate change that has a drastic effect in our life. To prevent
this, we are encouraged to use renewable source of energy such as windmill and solar
energy. In addition, communities were urged to recycle their waste materials.
4. PROBLEM - SOLUTION
There is an increasing nitrogen monoxide emission in the environment. This contributes to
global warming that leads to climate change that has a drastic effect in our life. To prevent
this, we are encouraged to use renewable source of energy such as windmill and solar
energy. In addition, communities were urged to recycle their waste materials.

Use renewable
source of energy

Recycle waste
materials.
ACTIVITY
TIME!
WHAT I CAN DO

DIRECTIONS: Search for a short paragraph of your choice. USE ANY TEXT STRUCTURE TO
DISCUSS YOUR THOUGHTS ABOUT THE TOPIC of your choice. READ AND FOLLOW THE
GIVEN RUBRICS BELOW BEFORE WRITING YOUR TOPIC.
APPLICATION
AFTER LEARNING FROM THE DISCUSSION, HOW DO YOU THINK THE
KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT STRUCTURE CAN HELP YOU GLEAN INFORMATION
ESPECIALLY IN YOUR STUDIES EVEN IN YOUR EVERYDAY LIVING? YOU
WILL BE GRADED USING THE CRITERIA BELOW.
MODULE 2 (PAGE 14-15)

GENERALIZATION
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

DIRECTIONS: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON THE LESSON

ON TEXT STRUCTURE. WRITE YOUR ANSWER ON THE SPACE PROVIDED. YOU
WILL BE GRADED BASED ON THE RUBRICS BELOW.