CHAPTER 3:

STOICHIOMETRY
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THE ATOMIC MASS

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 THE AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

The average atomic mass is the average mass of all the naturally
occurring isotopes of an element.

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MOLE AND AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

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 MOLAR MASS

This molar mass ( M ) is defined as the mass (in grams) of 1

mole of units (such as atoms or molecules) of a substance.

Ex: 1 mol (12C) = 6.022 × 1023 atoms (NA) = 12.01 grams

For any element of the periodic table:

Molar mass (g/mol) = Atomic mass (a.m.u)

C : 12.01 g/mol = 12.01 a.m.u

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Na : 22.99 g/mol = 22.99 a.m.u

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 THE RULES OF MOLE

n = m/M n= N / NA

Where n = number of moles of a substance (unit: mol)

m = mass of a substance (unit: g)
M = Molar mass of a substance (unit: g/mol)

NA= Avogadro’s number (unit: atoms or molecules/mol )

N = Number of atoms or molecules of a substance (unit:
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atoms or molecules)
 THE RULES OF MOLE

Sample Application 1:

How many moles of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?

Molar mass of (He) = 4.003 g/mol (From periodic table)

Solution:

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 THE RULES OF MOLE

Sample Application 2:

How many atoms of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?

Molar mass of (He) = 4.003 g/mol (From periodic table)

Solution:

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 THE RULES OF MOLE

Application 1:

1. How many grams of Zn are in 0.356 mole of Zn?

M(Zn) = 65.39 g/mol

2. Compute both the number of moles of atoms and the number of

atoms in a 10.0 g sample of aluminum.
M(Al) = 26.98 g/mol

3. Calculate both the number of moles the mass of a sample of

cobalt containing 5.00 × 1020 atoms.
M(Co) = 58.93 g/mol
NA = 6.022 × 1023 atoms/mol 9
 MOLECULAR MASS

The molecular mass (sometimes called molecular weight) is the

sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in the molecule.

For example:
the molecular mass of H2O is 2(atomic mass of H) + 1 atomic
mass of O = 2(1.008 a.m.u) + 1(16.00 a.m.u) = 18.02 a.m.u

For any molecule:

Molar mass (g/mol) = Atomic mass (a.m.u)

H2O: 18.02 g/mol = 18.02 a.m.u

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 MOLECULAR MASS

Application 2:

1. Calculate the molecular masses (in a.m.u) of the following

compounds: (a) sulfur dioxide (SO2) and (b) caffeine
(C8H10N4O2).
(S): 32.07 a.m.u, (N): 14.01 a.m.u and (O): 16 a.m.u

2. Methane (CH4) is the principal component of natural gas.

How many molecules of CH4 are present in 6.07 g of CH4?
M(C) = 12.01 g.mol and M(H) = 1.008 g/mol
NA = 6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol

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 FORMULA MASS

The term formula mass is used for the ionic compound that does
not have discrete molecular units. Ex:

The formula mass of NaCl = atomic mass of Na + atomic mass of

Cl = 22.99 a.m.u + 35.45 a.m.u = 58.44 a.m.u

For any ionic compound:

Atomic mass (a.m.u) = Molar mass (g/mol)

The formula mass of

Ca3(PO4)2 is:

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 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS

Chemical reaction is the process of chemical transformation from

one substance to another substance.

Ex: The burning of Hydrogen gas in air to form water

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens

during a chemical reaction.

Ex: 2H2 + O2 → H2O

Reactants Products

Reactant is a starting material that disappears during time.

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Product is a substance formed as a result of chemical rxn.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS

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BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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 BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Chemists often indicate the physical states of the reactants and

products by using the letters g, l, and s to denote gas, liquid and
solid, respectively.

Application 3:
Balance the following reactions:

1. CO(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

2. HgO(s) → Hg(l) + O2(g)
3. Al(s) + O2(g) → Al2O3(s)
4. C3H6(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

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 AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS
Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and products in
a chemical reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

The general approach for solving stoichiometry problems is

summarized next.
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
2. Convert the given amount of the reactant (in grams or other
units) to number of moles.
3. Use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of product formed.
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4. Convert the moles of product to grams (or other units) of
product.
 AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS
Sample Application 3:
If 856 g of glucose C6H12O6 is consumed by a person over a
certain period, what is the mass of CO2 produced?
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Solution:
The balanced reaction is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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21
 LIMITING REAGENT
Sample Application 4:
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe 2O3.
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 Formed.
2 Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2 Fe
Solution:

Al is the limiting 22
Fe2O3 is in excess
 LIMITING REAGENT
Now use the mol ratio with the limiting reagent to determine the
amount of product formed:

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REACTION YIELD

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 REACTION YIELD

Sample Application 4 (Continue):

Calculate the reaction yield of 205.7 grams of Al 2O3 obtained

after purification.

Solution:
Actual yield (Al2O3)= 205.7 g
Theoretical yield (Al2O3) = 234.192 g

Reaction yield = 205.7/234.192 × 100 = 87.83 %

% of product obtained is 87.83 %

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 CHAPTER 4: REACTIONS
IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
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ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES

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ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES

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ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES

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 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS

The precipitation reaction results in the formation of an

insoluble product, or precipitate.

A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from the

solution.

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

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 MOLECULAR, IONIC AND NET
IONIC EQUATIONS
Molecular equation: The formulas of compound are written as though
all species existed as molecules.
K2CrO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) → BaCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

In a complete ionic equation, all substances that are strong electrolytes

are represented as ions.

2K+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) → BaCrO4(s) + 2K+(aq)

+ 2NO3-(aq)

The ions that do not participate directly in the reaction are called
spectator ions such as 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) (eliminated).
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The net ionic equation contains only participated substances:
CrO42-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) → BaCrO4(s)
MOLECULAR, IONIC AND NET
IONIC EQUATIONS

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PROPERTIES OF ACID

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 OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS
(ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS)

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 OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS
(ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS)

 An oxidation reaction is a half-reaction that involves loss of

electrons.

 A reduction reaction is a half-reaction that involves gain of

electrons.

 When a substance undergoes an oxidation reaction (loses =

donates electrons) is called a reducing agent.

 When a substance undergoes a reduction reaction (gains =

accept electrons) is called an oxidizing agent.

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 OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS
(ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS)
:Sample application 2
A) Find the reducing and oxidizing agents for the following
reaction:
Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

Oxidation reaction: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- (loses e-)

 Zn is oxidized  Zn is a reducing agent

Reduction reaction: Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu (gains e-)

 Cu2+ is reduced  Cu2+ is an oxidizing agent

B) Find the reducing and oxidizing agents for the following:

Cu(s) + Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + Ag(s)
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 OXIDATION NUMBER
1. In free elements, each atom has an oxidation number of zero.
Thus, each atom in H2, Br2, Na, Be, K, O2, and P4 has the same
oxidation number: zero.

2. For monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the

charge on the ion. Thus, Li1+ ion has an oxidation number of
+1; Ba2+ ion: +2; Fe3+ ion: +3; I- ion: -1; O2- ion: -2.

3. The oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds is -2,

except in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxide ion (O22-) is
-1.

4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1, except when it is

bonded to metals in binary compounds (for example: LiH,
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NaH), its oxidation number is -1.
 OXIDATION NUMBER
5. Group IA metals are +1, Group IIA metals are +2, fluorine is
always -1.

6. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers. For example,

the oxidation number of O in the superoxide ion (O 2-), is -1/2.

7. In a neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation numbers of

all the atoms must be zero.

8. In a polyatomic ion, the sum of oxidation numbers of all the

elements in the ion must be equal to the net charge of the ion.

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 OXIDATION NUMBER
:Sample application 3

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 OXIDATION NUMBER
:Sample application 3

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TYPES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS

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TYPES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS

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TYPES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS

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TYPES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS

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 TYPES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS

:Sample application 4

Classify the following redox reactions and indicate changes

in the oxidation numbers of the elements:

1. 2N2O(g) → 2N2(g) + O2(g)

2. 6Li(s) + N2(g) → 2Li3N(s)

3. Ni(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → Pb(s) + Ni(NO3)2(aq)

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4. 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) → HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq)
 TYPES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS

:Sample application 4
Solution:

1. This is a decomposition reaction because one reactant is

converted to two different products. The oxidation number
of N changes from +1 to 0, while that of O changes from -2
to 0.

2. This is a combination reaction (two reactants form a single

product). The oxidation number of Li changes from 0 to +1
while that of N changes from 0 to -3.

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 TYPES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS

:Sample application 4
Solution:

3. This is a metal displacement reaction. The Ni metal replaces

(reduces) the Pb2+ ion. The oxidation number of Ni increases
from 0 to +2 while that of Pb decreases from +2 to 0.

4. The oxidation number of N is +4 in NO2 and it is +3 in

HNO2 and +5 in HNO3 . Because the oxidation number of
the same element both increases and decreases, this is a
disproportionation reaction.
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 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in

a given amount of solvent, or a given amount of solution.

Molarity (M), or molar concentration (C), which is the number

of moles of solute per liter of solution.

where n denotes the number of moles of solute and V is the

volume of the solution in liters.

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 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

Sample application 5:

In a beaker, we have 500-mL of solution containing 0.730 mole of

C6H12O6. Calculate the molarity.
Solution:

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PREPARATION OF SOLUTION OF
KNOWN MOLARITY

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 DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS

Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated

solution from a more concentrated one.

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 DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS

Sample application 6:

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 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Gravimetric analysis is an analytical technique based on the
measurement of mass.

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