AS-5320 Boundary Layer Theory

Lecture-8
 Vorticity Equation

Taking curl of inviscid ⃗

momentum equation: {(
∇×
𝜕
𝜕𝑡
⃗.⃗
+𝑢 ⃗ =−
∇ 𝑢 )
∇𝑝 ⃗
𝜌
+𝑓𝜗
⃗
} 𝜕𝜔 ⃗
𝜕𝑡
+∇× ⃗
1 2
∇ |𝑢
2 [( )
⃗| − ⃗
𝑢× ⃗
𝜔 =𝑅𝐻𝑆
]
=0, div of curl =0, Incompressible
( 𝑢.⃗
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ( ⃗ ∇) 𝑢
1
⃗= ⃗
2
∇|𝑢
2
⃗| − ⃗
𝑢× ⃗
𝜔 )
Also: ⃗
∇ ×(𝑢 𝑢 (⃗
𝜔 ) =⃗
⃗ ×⃗ ∇ .⃗ 𝜔.⃗
𝜔 ) +( ⃗ ∇)⃗ 𝜔 (⃗
𝑢 −⃗ ∇ .𝑢 𝑢.⃗
⃗ ) −( ⃗ ∇) ⃗
𝜔

𝐷⃗
𝜔
𝜔.⃗
=( ⃗ 𝑢 is the Vorticity transport equation
∇)⃗
𝐷𝑡 for inviscid constant density flow

( )
𝐷⃗
𝜔 1 ⃗ ⃗
∇ .𝝈
Viscous compressible: =( ⃗ ⃗
𝜔.∇)⃗ ⃗
𝜔 ( ∇ .𝑢
𝑢− ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ) + 2 ∇ 𝜌× ∇ 𝑝+ ∇ × Viscous
𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝜌 diffusion

Stretching and tilting Compression stretch Baroclinic vortex production

𝐷⃗
𝜔 ⃗ 1⃗ ⃗
( ) 𝜔.⃗
= 𝜔 . ∇ 𝑢 + ∇ × ( ∇ . 𝝈 ) =( ⃗ ⃗ +𝜈 ⃗
∇)𝑢
2
For incompressible flow: ⃗ ⃗ ∇ ⃗ 𝜔
𝐷𝑡 𝜌
 Baroclinic Vorticity

( )
𝐷⃗
𝜔 𝟏 ⃗ ⃗
∇ .𝝈
=( ⃗ ⃗
𝜔.∇)⃗ ⃗
𝜔 ( ∇ .𝑢
𝑢− ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ )+ 𝟐 𝜵 𝝆 × 𝜵 𝒑 + ∇ ×
𝐷𝑡 𝝆 𝜌

𝑝
𝜌
( )
2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 =−
𝜕𝑠 2 𝜕𝑠
𝜌 + 𝛿𝜌
Lower mass-
More acceleration
𝑝 + 𝛿𝑝
Higher mass-
Less acceleration
Vorticity Equation in 2D Incompressible Flow- Illustration

u=U
U
u=U

dy→0
Semi-infinite plate
Zero vorticity u=0 u=0
in freestream
No-slip begins Vorticity is
Vorticity is reduced and
infinite finite

𝐷𝜔
𝐷𝑡
=𝑢
𝜕𝜔
𝜕𝑥
+𝑣
𝜕𝜔
𝜕𝑦
=𝜈 (
𝜕2 𝜔 𝜕2 𝜔
𝜕𝑥
2
+
𝜕 𝑦2 )
Effect of Vortex Stretching/Tilting- Example

Dong et al., AIAA Paper 2018-0841

 Some Exact Solutions of Incompressible Navier-
Stokes Equations and Regular Perturbations of them
 Navier-Stokes Equations for Incompressible Flow
Let us only consider 2-D with constant viscosity; for 3-D the extension is obvious

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 v
Continuity equation: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 y
⃗
𝐷𝑢 ⃗ 2⃗ ⃗ ⃗
In the momentum equation 𝜌 =− ∇ 𝑝 − ∇ ( 𝜇 ∇ . ⃗
𝑢 ) + ∇ . ( 2 𝜇 𝜺 ) second term in RHS is zero
𝐷𝑡 3

⃗ (2 𝜀¿ ¿ 𝑖𝑗) 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢𝑖 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢 𝑗 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢𝑖 𝜕 𝜕 𝑢 𝑗 ⃗ 2 ⃗ ⃗
∇ .2 ε ≡𝜕 = + = + ≡ ∇ u⃗ + ∇ ( ∇ . ⃗u )¿
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗 𝜕 𝑥𝑖 𝜕 𝑥 𝑗
⃗ ⃗
Thus for constant viscosity incompressible 𝜌 𝐷 𝑢 =− ⃗ ⃗ 2
∇ 𝑝 +𝜇 ∇ ⃗u Or 𝐷 𝑢
⃗
=−
∇𝑝
+𝜈 ⃗
∇ 2
⃗u
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜌
flow the momentum equation becomes:

Writing the vector equation X:

𝜕u
𝜕t
+u
𝜕u
𝜕x
+v
𝜕u
𝜕y
=−
1 𝜕p
ρ 𝜕x
+𝜈
𝜕2 u 𝜕2 u
+
𝜕 x2 𝜕 y2 ( )
component-wise into two equations:
Y:
𝜕v
𝜕t
+u
𝜕v
𝜕x
+v
𝜕v
𝜕y
=−
1 𝜕p
ρ𝜕y
+𝜈
𝜕2 v 𝜕2 v
+
𝜕 x 𝜕 y2
2 ( )
 Plane Couette Flow
𝑦 =𝐿 𝑈
Consider two infinite parallel plates, one at y=0 and
other at y=L. The bottom plate is stationary top plate
moves with a constant velocity U. A steady and self- 𝑦 𝑢( 𝑦 )
similar flow (due to infinite length, any x-location is 𝑥
identical) is developed between the plates.
𝑦 =0
𝜈 −𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Due to similarity with x, ∂/∂x of velocity components is zero
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 v v is a constant w.r.t. y too. But due to boundary
Continuity equation: + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 y condition of zero velocity at wall, v=0
𝜕p
y-momentum equation: =0 since every other term has v. Thus p is only function of x.
𝜕y

However since p at both streamwise ends are same (flow not drive by pressure, but by shear),
p is also not function of x. Pressure is a constant.
 Solution for Plane Couette Flow

( )
2 2
𝜕u 𝜕u 𝜕u 1 𝜕p 𝜕 u 𝜕 u
x momentum equation: 𝜕 t +u 𝜕 x + v 𝜕 y =− ρ 𝜕 x +𝜈 2
+ 2
𝜕x 𝜕 y
(steady) (no x variation (Constant p) (no x variation of u)
of u)

d 2u
∴ 2
=0
d y

General Solution: 𝑢=𝑎𝑦 +𝑏 a, b- integration constants

With boundary conditions: u=0 at y=0; u=U at y=L

We get b=0 and a=U/L

𝑈
𝑢( 𝑦 )= 𝑦
𝐿
 Del Operator in Cylindrical Coordinates
⃗ =𝑟 𝑖^ 𝑟 + 𝑧 𝑖^ 𝑧
𝑟
𝑑 ⃗𝑠 =
𝜕
( ⃗𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 +
𝜕
( 𝑟⃗ ) 𝑑 𝜃+
𝜕
( 𝑟⃗ ) 𝑑𝑧= 𝑖^ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑖^ 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑 𝜃+ 𝑖^ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑦
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧

(𝑟 , 𝜃 , 0)
For any quantity q 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝑠
varying in space:
𝑑𝑞=
𝜕𝑟
𝑑𝑟 +
𝜕𝜃
𝑑𝜃 +
𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝜃
(𝑟 , 𝜃 ,𝑧) 𝑥
By definition of gradient, 𝜃
𝑑𝑞=⃗
∇ 𝑞 . 𝑑 ⃗𝑠
dq is give by: 𝑧
. 𝜕 ⃗ ^ 𝜕𝑟 𝜕 𝑖^ 𝑟
( 𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑟 =𝑑𝑟 𝑖 𝑟 +𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 ^ 1 𝜕 ^ 𝜕 𝜕 ⃗ 𝜕 𝑟 𝜕 𝑖^𝑟
⃗
∇ =𝑖^ 𝑟 +𝑖 +𝑖 ( 𝑟 ) 𝑑 𝜃=𝑑 𝜃 𝑖^ 𝑟 + 𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜃 𝑟 𝜕 𝜃 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

Consider a vector: ++

⃗ 𝜕 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟 1 𝜕 𝑎 𝜃 𝜕 𝑎 𝑧 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝑎𝜃 𝜕 𝑎𝑧
∇ .⃗
𝑎= + + + = ( 𝑟 𝑎𝑟 ) + +
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕 𝜃 𝜕 𝑧 𝑟 𝜕 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
 Fully Developed Laminar Pipe Flow- Poiseuille Flow
𝑟 =𝑅 𝜈 −𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Consider an ‘infinite’ pipe having circular cross
section of radius R. The ends at ‘infinite’ are at
𝑢(𝑟 )
different pressures, which results in fluid flow 𝑟
through the pipe. At the inlet, if the flow enters with 𝑧
uniform profile, the fluid at the wall sticks to the wall,
𝑟 =𝑅
resulting in no-slip. The sharp gradient near the wall (𝑅, 𝜃 ,𝑧 )
is diffused by viscosity along the pipe length, and
after a certain length, the flow profile is the same for 𝜃
all z (‘fully developed’), i.e., independent of z.
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Axially symmetric- no variation 𝜕
= 0 (similar to 2-d with no variations
in azimuthal direction: 𝜕𝜃 perpendicular to plane of paper)

1 𝜕 1 𝜕 uθ 𝜕 uz d
Continuity equation: (r ur )+ + =0 ( r u r ) = 0 r u r=constant
r 𝜕r r 𝜕θ 𝜕z dr
similarity in z- 0
direction
 Solution for Poiseuille Flow
𝜕p
r-momentum equation: 𝜕 r =0 since every other term has or . Thus p is only function of z.

Since there is only one non-zero velocity component, the z-component, let us write that simply as u
𝜕 u uθ 𝜕 u
( ( ) )
2 2
𝜕u 𝜕u 1 dp 1 𝜕 𝜕u 1 𝜕 u 𝜕 u
z-momentum equation: 𝜕 t +ur 𝜕 r + r 𝜕 θ +u 𝜕 z =− ρ dz +𝜈 r 𝜕 r r 𝜕 r + 2 2 + 2
𝑟 𝜕θ 𝜕 z
steady similarity in z-direction similarity in similarity in
-direction z-direction

𝜈 ( )
1 𝑑 du 1 d p
r =
r dr d r ρ d z
=𝐶 (Equals constant since both sides are
derivatives of different variables)

The applied pressure gradient is linear with respect to z.

2 2
Integrating, the equation for u results in log term whose coefficient 𝑅 −𝑟 𝑑𝑝
𝑢 ( 𝑟 ) =−
(a constant of integration) will be zero since u must be bound at 4 𝜇 𝑑𝑧
r=0; the other boundary condition of no slip at r=R gives:
 Cylindrical Couette Flow
Consider the fluid between two concentric cylinders of infinite
length (cross section on xy-plane), as shown in the figure rotating
with different angular velocities.
It is planar: uz=0, ∂/∂z of velocity components is zero (vorticity has
z component but its derivative is also zero).
At all , the profile must be the same: ∂/∂ of velocity components is
zero.
d
Continuity equation:
dr
( r u r ) = 0 r u r=constant

Due to no penetration condition at walls:u r = 0

𝜈 −𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
2
uθ 1 dP
r-momentum equation: − =−
r ρ dr
Due to centrifugal force there is radial pressure variation, but since the azimuthal flow is not
pressure driven, there is no pressure variation in azimuthal direction.
 Cylindrical Couette Flow- Solution
Flow is steady, and all the convection terms either have a velocity component which is zero, or a
gradient which is zero. There is no azimuthal pressure gradient. Thus the azimuthal momentum
equation is

( )
2
d uθ 1 d uθ uθ
-momentum equation: 2
+ − 2 =0 (Comes from:𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝜏 =0
dr r dr r
(Euler-Cauchy Equation) meaning no shear force)

𝐵
with general solution: u θ= 𝐴𝑟 +
𝑟

Solving this with the two no-slip boundary conditions at the cylinder walls that (R 1)=ω1R1 and
(R2)=ω2R2:
𝜔2 𝑅22 −𝜔 1 𝑅 21 ( 𝜔1 − 𝜔 2 ) 𝑅21 𝑅22 1
u θ (𝑟 )= 𝑟+
2 2
𝑅2 − 𝑅1 𝑅22 − 𝑅21 𝑟
 Cylindrical Couette Flow- No Outer Cylinder

[( ) ]
2 2
1 𝑅1 𝑅1
Velocity field can be rewritten as: u θ (𝑟 )= 𝜔2 − 𝜔 1 𝑟+ ( 𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )
2 2
1 − 𝑅1 / 𝑅 2
2
𝑅2 𝑟

With R2 at infinity and ω2 =0, this becomes, taking R1 =R and ω1 = ω

2
𝜔𝑅
u θ=
𝑟

This is nothing but the irrotational vortex. The fluid particles (except at ‘centre’) does undergo
strain, but no rotation. There is shear stress, but the divergence of shear stress vanishes, and so
no shear force. However, the work done by shear forces is non-zero. (Homework)

Use: [ ( )
𝜏 𝑟 𝜃 =𝜇 𝑟
𝜕 𝑢𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝑟
+
1 𝜕 𝑢𝑟
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 ]
 Cylindrical Couette Flow- No Inner Cylinder

[( ) ]
2 2
1 𝑅1 𝑅1
u θ (𝑟 )= 𝜔2 − 𝜔 1 𝑟+ ( 𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )
2 2
1 − 𝑅1 / 𝑅 2
2
𝑅2 𝑟

𝜔
With R1=0 and ω1 =0, this becomes, taking R2 =R and ω2 = ω
𝜔( 𝑅
𝑟+
𝑑𝑟 )
u θ= 𝜔 𝑟 𝜔𝑟
+dr
𝑟
This is nothing but ‘solid body’ rotation. The
fluid particles undergo rotation, but no strain.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loCLkcYEWD4